Arun has been associated with India International Times since 2018 and he has been a key reporter in covering science and space related stories. He can be reached at arunKnn@indiainternationaltimes.com.
Scientists studying a shared genetic mechanism across three vastly different species—axolotls, mice and zebrafish—have uncovered fresh clues that could one day support limb regeneration in humans. The findings, detailed this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, point toward the possibility of developing gene-based therapies aimed at restoring lost limbs.
“This work brought together multiple labs and model organisms to understand regeneration in a comparative way,” said Josh Currie, Assistant Professor of Biology at Wake Forest University. He noted that the study reveals common genetic programs that drive regeneration across species as different as salamanders, fish and mammals.
The research also involved David A. Brown of Duke University and Kenneth D. Poss of University of Wisconsin-Madison, who specialise in regeneration studies in mice and zebrafish respectively.
Globally, more than one million amputations are carried out each year due to conditions such as diabetes, trauma, infections and cancer, according to Global Burden of Disease estimates. With ageing populations and rising diabetes cases, this number is expected to increase further, intensifying the search for solutions that go beyond prosthetics.
Researchers involved in the study are aiming to develop therapies that could restore not just the structure but also the function of lost limbs—something prosthetic technology still cannot fully replicate.
Their focus turned to a group of genes known as SP genes, which appear to play a crucial role in regeneration and are shared across the three species examined.
Therapy makes up for missing gene
The choice of species was deliberate, reflecting different regenerative abilities in nature.
The axolotl, a type of salamander, is known for its extraordinary capacity to regrow entire limbs, as well as parts of vital organs including the heart and brain.
Zebrafish, meanwhile, are widely used in research because their tail fins regenerate rapidly and repeatedly. They can also repair tissues in organs such as the heart and spinal cord.
Mice, representing mammals, offer a closer comparison to humans. While their regenerative ability is limited, they can regrow the tips of their digits. Humans share a similar, though restricted, ability when fingertip injuries preserve the nail bed.
The researchers found that regenerating skin tissue in all three species expressed two key genes—SP6 and SP8. This prompted further investigation into how these genes function.
The study also involved contributions from doctoral student Tim Curtis Jr. and undergraduate researcher Elena Singer-Freeman at Wake Forest.
Emulating the abilities of salamander genes
In salamanders, the SP8 gene plays a central role in enabling limb regrowth. Using CRISPR gene editing, researchers removed SP8 from the axolotl genome. The result was a clear disruption in limb regeneration, particularly in bone formation.
A similar outcome was observed in mice when both SP6 and SP8 were absent, confirming the genes’ importance across species.
Building on these findings, Brown’s lab developed a viral gene therapy using a regeneration enhancer identified in zebrafish. This therapy introduced a molecule called FGF8—normally activated by SP8—into mice.
The treatment partially restored bone regrowth in mouse digits, effectively compensating for the missing genes and demonstrating what researchers describe as a “proof of principle”.
While humans lack this level of regenerative ability, the findings suggest it may be possible to mimic such processes through targeted therapies.
“We may be able to design treatments that replicate this regenerative skin environment in humans,” Currie said, highlighting the long-term potential of the approach.
Building the foundation for human therapies
Despite the breakthrough, researchers caution that translating these findings into human treatments will require extensive further study. Moving from digit regeneration in mice to full limb regrowth in humans remains a complex scientific challenge.
Currie described the work as a foundational step toward future therapies that could address limb loss caused by injury or disease.
He added that gene therapy represents just one pathway among several being explored, including stem cell research and bioengineered scaffolds. A combination of approaches is likely to be needed to achieve full limb regeneration.
The collaborative nature of the study, involving different organisms and research disciplines, was key to its success.
“Scientists often work within narrow models, focusing on a single species,” Currie said. “What sets this research apart is the integration across multiple systems, which offers a much broader understanding of regeneration.”
The findings underscore a growing shift in regenerative medicine—from isolated breakthroughs to cross-species insights that could eventually reshape how the human body heals.
Archaeological Survey of India safeguards 3,686 centrally protected monuments, supported by strengthened conservation systems and scientific restoration methods.
Heritage and monument preservation has advanced through large-scale digitisation, creation of national heritage databases, and wider adoption of scientific and digital tools for documentation and conservation.
India’s global heritage profile has expanded, with 44 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the recent addition of the Maratha Military Landscapes.
India’s Approach to Monument Conservation
India’s cultural landscape is shaped by monuments, antiquities, manuscripts and historic sites that together reflect thousands of years of civilisational evolution. These structures and objects are not merely remnants of the past; they represent collective memory, inherited knowledge and a sense of continuity that binds generations.
Recognising this, the past decade has seen a renewed emphasis on strengthening the systems that safeguard India’s cultural assets. Heritage conservation has been increasingly integrated with tourism development, local livelihoods, and cultural diplomacy. This shift reflects a broader recognition of heritage as both a developmental asset and a source of India’s soft power on the global stage.
Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage
Cultural heritage in India encompasses both tangible and intangible forms, reflecting the country’s rich and diverse traditions.
According to UNESCO, Tangible Cultural Heritage includes heritage of “outstanding universal value,” such as historic structures and cultural landscapes. Examples include the Taj Mahal, Sanchi Stupa, and ancient temple architecture. In India, such heritage is protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, which empowers the government, through the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), to declare monuments as protected, regulate construction in surrounding areas, and ensure their conservation.
Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) refers to living traditions and practices passed down through generations, including performing arts, rituals, festivals, oral traditions, and traditional knowledge. UNESCO defines it as practices recognised by communities as part of their cultural identity and continuously recreated. Examples include Yoga, Vedic chanting, and Buddhist chanting of Ladakh. In India, Intangible Heritage is safeguarded through the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003, supported by national schemes and constitutional provisions such as Article 29.
Legislative and Institutional Framework for Ancient Monuments
India’s heritage conservation is guided by a legislative and institutional framework that brings together dedicated organisations, legal safeguards, and policy mechanisms to ensure systematic protection and management of cultural assets.
Legislative Framework
India’s approach to monument conservation has evolved into a structured and continuous process, combining institutional mechanisms, legal safeguards, and participatory models. The key legislations on Protection and Conservation of Ancient monuments are:
Article 49 – Protection of Monuments of National Importance
Article 49 of the Constitution places a duty on the State to protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest declared to be of national importance. This provision forms the constitutional basis for legislative measures such as the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, and guides the State in ensuring preservation of cultural heritage.
Seventh Schedule – Division of Responsibilities
The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution provides a clear division of responsibilities between the Centre and the States in matters of heritage protection.
Union List (Entry 67): Monuments and archaeological sites of national importance fall under the jurisdiction of the Central Government.
State List (Entry 12): Monuments not declared of national importance are the responsibility of State Governments.
This division ensures coordinated governance and management of heritage across different levels of government.
Article 51A(f) – Fundamental Duty of Citizens
Article 51A(f) of the Constitution enshrines the fundamental duty of every citizen to value and preserve the rich heritage of India’s composite culture. This provision reinforces that heritage conservation is not only a State responsibility but also a collective societal obligation, encouraging public participation in preservation efforts.
National Policy for Conservation of Ancient Monuments, Archaeological Sites and Remains (2014)
It is a Government of India framework that guides the scientific preservation and management of monuments of national importance. Implemented primarily by the Archaeological Survey of India under the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958, the policy establishes principles for maintaining the authenticity, integrity, and longevity of heritage structures. It emphasises the use of scientific conservation methods, minimal intervention, and the integration of traditional materials and skills with modern techniques. The policy also recognises conservation as a continuous process, supported by documentation, research, capacity building, and community participation, while balancing the need for protection with public access and sustainable use of heritage sites.
Institutional Framework
India’s institutional framework for heritage conservation is anchored in specialised government bodies responsible for the protection, preservation, and management of cultural assets. These institutions ensure effective implementation of laws and policies through coordinated, decentralised, and technically driven mechanisms.
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Established in 1861 and functioning under the Ministry of Culture, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is the country’s principal organisation for archaeological research and the protection of ancient monuments and sites of national importance. Operating under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, it safeguards 3,686 centrally protected monuments across India. Its mandate includes structural and chemical conservation, archaeological exploration and excavation, epigraphy, and maintenance of site museums.
ASI carries out its functions through a network of around 38 Circles, which serve as regional administrative units. Each Circle, headed by a Superintending Archaeologist, is responsible for conservation, site management, inspections, and coordination with local authorities within its jurisdiction, ensuring decentralised implementation.
The ASI undertakes annual conservation programmes focusing on structural repairs, use of traditional materials, chemical treatment of monuments, and preventive conservation to address environmental and ageing-related deterioration.
The conservation of centrally protected monuments is undertaken through annual programmes and site-specific projects, and the conservation works are carried out regularly based on priority and the existing condition of the monument. For 2024–25 expenditure on conservation of monuments was 374 crores .
National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA)
Established in 2007, the National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA) is implemented under ASI. It plays a crucial role in supporting conservation by building a reliable national database of India’s built heritage and antiquities. The Mission aims to document and create an inventory of all monuments and antiquities in the country—information that directly informs planning, prioritisation and monitoring of conservation work. It has so far documented 11,406 Built Heritage and Sites and 12.48 Lakhs antiquities of this country.
Emerging Frameworks for Monument Conservation
India’s approach to monument conservation is evolving through the integration of technology, collaborative models, and digital knowledge systems.
Comprehensive Conservation
Government of India has reimagined tangible heritage as a living engine of economic opportunity. By linking the conservation of physical heritage with livelihood generation and local development, India is charting a course where preservation and prosperity go hand in hand.
A standout example of this philosophy in action is the Adopt a Heritage 2.0 programme, which brings together government and private partners to upgrade visitor amenities at iconic monuments. Sites such as Agra Fort, Qutub Minar, Ajanta Caves, Red Fort, and Mehrauli Archaeological Park have benefited from improved infrastructure, better facilities, and enhanced site management. The results have been tangible: increased tourist footfall, a boost to local businesses, and new employment avenues in guiding, hospitality, transport, site maintenance, and the sale of handicrafts and souvenirs. These are not incidental benefits but deliberate outcomes of a policy that treats monuments as community assets.
The Government promotes the organisation of dance, music, and cultural festivals at heritage sites as a means of integrating monumental conservation with tourism and local economic development. Notable examples include the Konark Dance Festival, held annually against the backdrop of the Sun Temple in Odisha, and the Khajuraho Dance Festival, organised at the Khajuraho Group of Monuments in Madhya Pradesh. These festivals attract large numbers of tourists, artists, and cultural practitioners, thereby generating livelihood opportunities for local communities through hospitality services, handicrafts, transport, and cultural industries. For instance, the Konark Festival, held in an open-air setting near the monument, draws national and international visitors and is often accompanied by craft fairs and related cultural activities, further boosting local economies. Other heritage-linked festivals include the Modhera Dance Festival (Gujarat) and temple-based cultural events like Natyanjali festivals at Chidambaram.
The Government is also strengthening museums as key institutional tools for the scientific conservation, preservation, and dissemination of tangible cultural heritage.The Museum Grant Scheme supports the establishment, modernisation, and digitisation of museums, strengthening infrastructure and preservation of artefacts. It emphasises capacity building of museum professionals through training and skill development, while promoting technology-driven upgrades such as improved displays, lighting, and digital tools. The scheme also enables digitisation of collections, creation of online catalogues, and development of conservation facilities, enhancing both preservation and public access.
Technology-Supported Conservation
Technology has become an increasingly important pillar in India’s conservation ecosystem, complementing ASI’s traditional practices with tools that improve documentation, diagnostics and long-term preservation. Modern technologies/tools such as LiDAR scanning, GIS based mapping and drone-based surveys etc. are used as per requirement for proper documentation. There has been a growing use of scientific laboratory techniques to study heritage materials, understand patterns of deterioration and determine the most suitable conservation treatments.
In parallel, India has expanded the application of digital and spatial technologies that support accurate recording and proactive conservation planning. Key tools now used across heritage documentation and assessment include:
3D laser scanning – for high-precision mapping and digital documentation of complex structures
Photogrammetry – to capture detailed architectural features and condition changes
Drone-based surveys – for aerial mapping, structural monitoring and studying inaccessible or large sites
Geographic Information Systems or GIS-based mapping – to analyse environmental pressures, track development around protected zones and inform long-term planning
In addition to these technologies, the Government of India has begun integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the broader cultural and heritage ecosystem, particularly in areas such as digitisation, documentation, and accessibility of cultural assets. AI-enabled platforms are being used to process and organise large volumes of heritage data, including manuscripts and cultural knowledge systems, and to enhance public access through digital interfaces and language technologies.
Additionally, drone-based surveys have been undertaken in collaboration with institutions such as the National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), demonstrating the integration of scientific institutions in heritage conservation efforts.
The Conservation and Restoration of the Kedarnath Temple
The Kedarnath Temple represents a significant example of the use of advanced scientific techniques and institutional collaboration in heritage preservation. Following the 2013 disaster in Uttarakhand, the Government of India, through the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), undertook structural and chemical conservation of the temple, including debris removal, stone resetting using original architectural profiles, and preservation of stone surfaces. Importantly, a geotechnical team from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Chennai collaborated with ASI to carry out scientific structural assessment and foundation analysis of the monument. This included the use of geophysical testing methods such as Multi-Channel Analysis of Spectral Waves (MASW) to evaluate the stability of the temple structure and underlying foundation.
The IIT team’s assessment enabled evidence-based decisions regarding foundation strengthening and conservation strategy, ensuring that interventions remained non-invasive and structurally appropriate. This collaboration highlights how the Government has integrated engineering expertise with traditional conservation practices, combining modern scientific diagnostics with the use of locally sourced materials and traditional craftsmanship in restoration.
Public–Private Partnership
In recent years, heritage conservation has increasingly incorporated public–private partnership (PPP) models to complement government-led efforts. The “Adopt a Heritage: Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan” initiative, launched in 2017 by the Government of India under the Ministry of Tourism in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is one such initiative. The scheme was further revamped as “Adopt a Heritage 2.0” in 2023, to strengthen corporate participation through a structured CSR-based framework. Under this initiative, entities designated as “Monument Mitras” develop and maintain facilities such as cleanliness, accessibility, illumination, signage, and visitor services, while conservation and preservation remain the exclusive mandate of the ASI. By combining government oversight with private sector efficiency, the programme improves visitor experience, promotes sustainable tourism, and fosters a shared sense of responsibility towards safeguarding India’s cultural heritage.
The initiative also reflects a broader shift towards participatory heritage management, where private sector involvement and citizen engagement complement government-led conservation efforts.
Flagship National Platforms for Cultural Heritage
A key initiative in this direction is the Indian Culture Portal, a comprehensive digital platform that aggregates content from museums, libraries, archives and cultural institutions onto a single interface – https://www.indianculture.gov.in/3d-explorations.
This platform allows users to experience monuments remotely through two formats—Virtual Walkthroughs and 360-degree Virtual Tours—thereby enhancing accessibility and public engagement with cultural heritage.
Virtual Walkthroughs enable users to move through heritage sites in a guided, step-by-step manner, simulating a real visit. Examples include monuments such as:
360-degree Virtual Tours provide panoramic, interactive views where users can explore monuments in all directions. The Qutubh Minar Complex being one.
It also supports interactive learning through curated thematic sections, games and educational content, making cultural knowledge more engaging for a wider audience.
Global Heritage Recognition (UNESCO)
India’s presence on the global heritage map has strengthened considerably, with UNESCO inscriptions reflecting both the diversity and depth of the country’s civilisational legacy. The most recent addition—the Maratha Military Landscapes, inscribed in July 2024 marks India’s 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site, reaffirming the nation’s position among countries with the highest number of globally recognised heritage sites.
India’s expanding UNESCO footprint comprising 36 Cultural, 7 Natural, and 1 Mixed sites demonstrates how its historic monuments, archaeological landscapes and living traditions collectively contribute to global heritage.
The Anti-Evasion Branch of the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST), Delhi South Commissionerate, has arrested a company director for allegedly fraudulently availing and utilising Input Tax Credit (ITC) exceeding ₹8 crore, in violation of provisions under the CGST Act, 2017.
The action forms part of an ongoing enforcement drive targeting ITC fraud. Officials said the company, engaged in trading assorted goods, claimed ineligible tax credit without any corresponding supply of goods or services, breaching Section 16 of the Act.
Investigations, supported by data analytics, revealed that the firm had availed ITC from suppliers whose registrations were either suspended, cancelled suo motu, or terminated upon application. A detailed backward supply chain analysis found no evidence of actual inward supplies across multiple levels—L1, L2 and L3—effectively breaking the credit chain and rendering the claims inadmissible.
Authorities further alleged that the company passed on this ineligible ITC to its buyers despite the absence of genuine transactions.
The director’s statement was recorded under Section 70 of the CGST Act on April 16, 2026, during which he admitted to overseeing and executing the firm’s transactions. However, he failed to provide documentary proof to support the legitimacy of the claimed supplies.
Officials stated that the offences fall under cognisable and non-bailable provisions of Section 132 of the CGST Act. The accused was subsequently arrested under Section 69(1) and produced before the Patiala House Court, which remanded him to judicial custody until April 30, 2026.
Further investigation into the case is ongoing, officials said.
Babies who are exclusively breastfed for at least three months show distinct biological markers in their blood compared to those who are not breastfed, according to a major international study.
The research, one of the largest of its kind, analysed blood samples from children to examine epigenetic patterns across the genome. Epigenetics involves chemical modifications to DNA that influence how genes are switched on or off. In particular, scientists focused on DNA methylation—a process detectable in blood that can affect gene activity.
Led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Exeter, and University of Bristol, the study—published in Clinical Epigenetics—found higher levels of DNA methylation in genes linked to immunity and development among children who had been exclusively breastfed for at least three months.
However, researchers cautioned that the study did not assess whether these molecular differences translate into measurable changes in health, immunity, or development.
Co-lead researcher Doretta Caramaschi of the University of Exeter said the findings indicate that exclusive breastfeeding leaves a detectable biological imprint. She noted that while the affected genes are tied to key developmental and immune processes, the study cannot establish whether these changes directly influence those outcomes.
The findings build on existing evidence suggesting breastfeeding is associated with both short- and long-term health benefits in children, though the exact biological mechanisms remain under investigation.
Mariona Bustamante of ISGlobal added that while the results are promising, they should be interpreted cautiously. She emphasised the need for more diverse study populations to better understand how these biological changes operate across different groups.
The study was conducted through the Pregnancy and Childhood Epigenetics Consortium, which brings together data from 11 studies across countries including Spain, the Netherlands, Finland, France, Greece, Lithuania, Germany, South Africa and the United States. UK contributions included the Children of the 90s study, Born in Bradford, and the Isle of Wight Birth Cohort.
In total, researchers analysed epigenetic data from 3,421 children. Breastfeeding information—such as duration and exclusivity—was collected from birth through questionnaires. DNA methylation patterns were measured in blood samples taken between ages five and 12 and compared with umbilical cord samples to assess changes following birth.
The analysis aimed to determine whether early-life feeding practices leave lasting biological signatures—an area that continues to offer new insights into how early nutrition may shape long-term health.
A subtle tweak to cafeteria menus can significantly influence food choices while improving health and environmental outcomes, according to a new study published in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity.
Researchers tested the intervention across six workplace cafeterias in England, where managers replaced one meat-based lunch option with a vegetarian alternative. Prices, overall choice, and other menu features remained unchanged, and customers were not informed of the adjustment. Meat options continued to be available alongside the new offering.
Over a seven-week period covering more than 26,000 meals, the shift led to a 41% increase in the likelihood of customers choosing a vegetarian main course.
The study also found that meals sold during the intervention were healthier and more environmentally sustainable. On average, they contained about 26 fewer calories—roughly equivalent to a cup of tea with milk and a teaspoon of sugar—along with reduced levels of saturated fat and salt. The environmental impact also improved, with greenhouse gas emissions per meal falling by 8.5%.
Importantly, the change did not hurt business performance. Researchers found no evidence of declining revenue, fewer meals sold, or increased food waste during the trial period.
The experiment, spanning both office and manual labour workplace settings, is among the first of its kind to test such interventions in real-world cafeteria environments. The findings suggest that even small adjustments in food availability can shape behaviour across a broad demographic.
food
Lead author Elisa Becker, a postdoctoral researcher at the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, said the results highlight the power of subtle environmental changes. She noted that improving food choices does not necessarily require consumers to actively seek information or exercise restraint, but can instead be driven by what is made available to them.
Feedback from both staff and customers indicated the change was easy to implement and largely went unnoticed, with no significant concerns about dissatisfaction or waste reflected in the data.
Researchers say the findings offer a practical and scalable approach to promoting healthier, lower-carbon diets, and could help shape future workplace food policies across the UK. The team now plans to extend similar interventions to other sectors, seeking partners interested in advancing health and sustainability goals.
A new study led by Curtin University has harnessed a global-scale radio telescope network to capture detailed images revealing the extraordinary power of jets emitted by black holes, offering strong confirmation of long-standing theories about their role in shaping the Universe’s structure.
Published in Nature Astronomy, the research found that the jets from Cygnus X-1—a system containing the first confirmed black hole and a supergiant companion star—generate energy comparable to the output of around 10,000 Suns.
To record the measurement, researchers used an array of linked up telescopes separated by large distances to observe the black hole jets being buffeted by the winds of the star as the black hole moved around its orbit – much like how strong winds on Earth can push around water in a fountain.
By knowing the power of the wind and measuring how much the jets were bent, the researchers could determine the instantaneous power of the jets for the first time.
In addition, they were able to determine the speed of the black hole’s jets – about half the speed of light, or 150,000 km per second – another measurement that has challenged scientists for decades.
The strong stellar wind from the supergiant star pushes the jets launched by the black hole away from the star. This causes the jet direction to vary as the black hole and the supergiant star move around their orbit./ International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR)
The research was led from the Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy (CIRA) and the Curtin node of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), in collaboration with the University of Oxford.
Lead author Dr Steve Prabu, who worked at CIRA at the time of the research and who is now based at the University of Oxford, said researchers were able to make the measurement using a sequence of images of the “dancing jets” – a term he used to describe the jets’ movement pattern as they were repeatedly deflected in different directions by the supergiant star’s powerful winds as the star and black hole moved around their orbits.
Dr Prabu said the measurement allowed scientists to understand what fraction of the energy released around black holes could be deposited into the surrounding environment, thereby changing the environment.
“A key finding from this research is that about 10 per cent of the energy released as matter falls in towards the black hole is carried away by the jets,” Dr Prabu said.
“This is what scientists usually assume in large-scale simulated models of the Universe, but it has been hard to confirm by observation until now.”
Co-author Professor James Miller-Jones, from CIRA and the Curtin node of ICRAR, said previous methods could only measure the average jet power over thousands or even millions of years, preventing accurate comparisons with the X-ray energy released instantaneously from the infalling matter.
“And because our theories suggest that the physics around black holes is very similar, we can now use this measurement to anchor our understanding of jets, whether they are from black holes 10 or 10 million times the mass of the Sun,” Professor Miller-Jones said.
“With radio telescope projects such as the Square Kilometre Array Observatory currently under construction in Western Australia and South Africa, we expect to detect jets from black holes in millions of distant galaxies, and the anchor point provided by this new measurement will help calibrate their overall power output.
“Black hole jets provide an important source of feedback to the surrounding environment and are critical to understanding the evolution of galaxies.”
A recent study has examined whether some of the universe’s smallest galaxies—particularly dwarf spheroidal galaxies orbiting the Milky Way—could host black holes, offering fresh insight into how these cosmic objects form and evolve over time.
While supermassive black holes are commonly found at the centres of large galaxies, detecting them in dwarf spheroidal galaxies remains far more difficult. These smaller systems are faint, contain little gas, and are heavily dominated by dark matter, making direct observation of any central black hole a significant challenge.
The question is closely tied to broader mysteries about the origins of the first black holes, their growth in low-mass environments, and whether established relationships—such as the link between black hole mass and stellar velocity dispersion—hold true even in the smallest galaxies. Understanding this connection is key to building a consistent picture of galaxy evolution across cosmic history.
Researchers K. Aditya and Arun Mangalam of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics developed detailed dynamical models of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, incorporating stars, dark matter, and a possible central black hole. By analysing stellar motion using high-quality kinematic data, they were able to place constraints on the mass of any black holes that might exist in these systems.
Their approach accounted for stellar anisotropy—variations in stellar velocities along different directions—allowing for more realistic modelling of galaxy structures. Applying this framework to a representative sample, the researchers derived strong upper limits on black hole masses, generally below one million solar masses, with some galaxies permitting only significantly smaller values.
The findings suggest that while large black holes are not required to explain the data, the presence of intermediate-mass black holes remains plausible. By combining their results with existing observations, the team established a unified relationship between black hole mass and stellar velocity dispersion, spanning a wide range of galaxy sizes and black hole masses.
Fig: A unified M•–σ∗ relation spanning stellar velocity dispersions from ∼ 10 km s⁻¹ to ∼ 300 km s⁻¹. Blue points represent black hole mass estimates, while yellow arrows denote upper limits. The red arrows indicate the upper limits obtained in the present work. The green line shows the best-fit regression, and the shaded region indicates 1σ scatter. Magenta points depict ultramassive black holes (M• > 109. Theoretical limits on black hole masses (for our sample range σ∗ ∼ 6−12 km s⁻¹) due to accretion, stellar capture, and tidal stripping are also overlaid on the plot for comparison.
The study also compared observational constraints with theoretical growth models. Mechanisms such as momentum-driven gas accretion and stellar capture were found to produce black holes with masses consistent with the observed limits. Additionally, the researchers considered scenarios in which dwarf galaxies may have once been larger systems that lost mass through interactions with the Milky Way.
The work carries significant implications for both theoretical models and future observations. It provides a crucial benchmark for simulations of galaxy and black hole evolution, particularly as next-generation facilities like the proposed National Large Optical Telescope and the Extremely Large Telescope come into focus.
With improved observational capabilities on the horizon, astronomers are expected to gain sharper insights into faint, low-mass galaxies. The framework established by this study offers a foundation for interpreting such data and could play a key role in determining whether dwarf galaxies harbour primordial black hole seeds.
The Union Public Service Commission has finalised a set of recruitment results during March 2026. Candidates who have been recommended for appointment have been individually notified by post. Applications of other candidates were duly considered but regretted that it has not been possible to call them for interview/recommend them for the post.
A new study has found that the virus responsible for the common cold can quietly persist in the human body, even in individuals who show no symptoms.
Researchers from the University of São Paulo in Brazil discovered that the rhinovirus can reside deep within the tonsils and adenoids—tissues located at the back of the throat—effectively using them as reservoirs. The study, based on samples from 293 children undergoing surgical removal of these tissues, revealed that the virus can infect key immune cells and remain there undetected for extended periods.
Unlike its typical behaviour—where it infects the surface lining of the nose and throat, multiplies rapidly, and is cleared by the immune system within a week—the virus was found to penetrate deeper layers of tissue. There, it infects long-lived immune cells such as B lymphocytes and CD4 T cells, allowing it to persist without destroying them.
This hidden presence may help explain why cold outbreaks often occur shortly after schools reopen. Children carrying the virus without symptoms can unknowingly transmit it to others in close, indoor environments, triggering wider infections.
The study further found that nearly half of the children tested carried the virus in at least one site—tonsils, adenoids, or nasal secretions—even though they were symptom-free at the time of surgery. Evidence also suggested that the virus remained active and capable of spreading.
Researchers say these lymphoid tissues may act as a “virus reservoir,” potentially supporting long-term immune memory. However, this persistence could also have downsides. In children with asthma, for instance, lingering viruses may trigger inflammation and worsen symptoms.
The findings also raise concerns about diagnostic accuracy. Detecting rhinovirus in throat swabs may not always indicate an active infection, as the virus could be lingering from a previous illness. This could complicate treatment decisions, particularly in respiratory cases.
Scientists are now exploring whether such dormant viruses could reactivate in patients with weakened immune systems, potentially leading to complications without any new external exposure.
One in four U.S. adults — the equivalent of over 66 million Americans — report having used artificial intelligence tools or chatbots for physical or mental healthcare information or advice, according to new research released today from the West Health-Gallup Center on Healthcare in America. Rather than replacing traditional care, more than half say they turn to AI to supplement their healthcare experiences, using the technology before or after seeing a doctor.
The findings are based on a nationally representative survey of more than 5,500 U.S. adults conducted from October through December 2025.
In the past 30 days, did you use an AI tool or chatbot for health-related information or advice for any of the following reasons?
% Yes, among adults who have used AI tools or chatbots for health-related information or advice in the past 30 days.
Note. Categories are for descriptive purposes only and were not shown on the survey.
Among Americans who have used AI for health-related information or advice in the past 30 days, the most frequently cited motivations are wanting answers quickly (71%) and wanting additional information (71%). Nearly seven in 10 (67%) say they were curious about what AI would say, and roughly six in 10 report using AI to do research on their own before (59%) or after (56%) seeing a doctor.
Regardless of the reason, almost half (46%) of Americans who used AI for healthcare information say the AI tool or chatbot made them feel more confident talking with or asking questions of a provider. Others say it helped them identify issues earlier (22%) or avoid unnecessary medical tests or procedures (19%).
“Artificial intelligence is already reshaping how Americans seek health information, make decisions and engage with providers, and health systems must keep pace,” said Tim Lash, President, West Health Policy Center, a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization focused on aging and healthcare affordability. “The risk isn’t that AI is moving too fast — it’s that health systems may move too slowly to guide its use in healthcare responsibly.”
A Smaller Share Turn to AI in Place of a Provider
While self-directed research is the primary driver of AI health use, a smaller but notable share of recent users report turning to AI instead of seeing a healthcare provider, particularly when faced with cost, access or quality barriers. Among recent AI health users, 27% say they didn’t want to pay for a doctor’s visit and 14% say they were unable to pay. One in five (21%) say they didn’t have time to make an appointment, and 16% say they couldn’t access a doctor or provider. Another 21% say they felt dismissed or ignored by a provider in the past, and 18% say they were too embarrassed to talk to a person.
In the past 30 days, did you use an AI tool or chatbot for health-related information or advice for any of the following reasons?
% Yes, among adults who have used AI for health-related information and advice in the past 30 days
I was unable to pay for a doctor’s visit
Household Income
% Yes, Among adults who have used AI for health-related
information and advice in the past 30 days
<$24k
32%
$24k – <$48k
21%
$48k – <$90k
14%
$90k – <$120k
9%
$120k – <$180k
8%
$180k+
2%
Among recent AI health users, 84% still saw a healthcare provider, but 14% report not seeing a provider they otherwise would have seen because of information or advice they received from AI. When projected to the full U.S. adult population, this represents roughly 14 million Americans who did not see a provider after receiving AI-generated health information.
Trust in that AI-generated health information, however, remains divided. Among those who consulted it in the past 30 days, roughly one-third say they trust it (33%), one-third neither trust nor distrust it (33%), and about one-third distrust it (34%). However, only 4% say they strongly trust the accuracy, indicating that many Americans are making healthcare decisions based on AI-generated information without full confidence in its accuracy.
About one in 10 (11%) who report using AI for health information or advice in the past 30 days say that AI recommended healthcare information or advice they believed was unsafe.
“This data indicates that while some Americans may be using artificial intelligence as a substitute for going to the doctor’s office, many see it as a tool to complement their healthcare, helping them understand symptoms they might be feeling and clarify any diagnosis they receive from their doctors,” said Joe Daly, Global Managing Partner at Gallup.
Motivations Vary by Age and Income
While information-seeking is the dominant reason Americans turn to AI for health purposes, use patterns differ by demographics. Younger adults are more likely than older adults to use AI for self-directed research — 69% of adults aged 18 to 29 say they do research before seeing a doctor, compared with 43% of those 65 and older.
Income differences are most visible in barrier-driven motivations. Among adults earning less than $24,000 annually, 32% say they used AI because they could not pay for a doctor’s visit, compared with just 2% among those earning $180,000 or more.
Everyday Health Questions Top the List of AI Use Cases
Americans who used AI for health information or advice in the past 30 days most often report using it to gather information about everyday health concerns, including physical symptoms (58%) and nutrition or exercise (59%). But AI use extends beyond symptom-checking — Americans who used AI in the past 30 days also report using AI to understand medication side effects (46%), interpret medical information (44%), or research a diagnosis or medical condition (38%). Nearly one in four (24%) report using AI to explore mental health or emotional concerns.
Mukta Arts Film Studios has issued an open call inviting writers to submit original story plots and character ideas for potential production. The studio is seeking concise two-page concepts across formats, including small-budget high-concept films, Hindi OTT series in music, drama, or suspense genres, animated features of about an hour, and mid-budget commercial films.
Submissions must be registered with the Screenwriters Association (SWA), and interested creators can pitch their ideas via email to pitch@muktaarts.com. The initiative signals Mukta Arts’ continued push to discover fresh storytelling talent across diverse formats.
Christian Stocker, Federal Chancellor of Austria, is on a four-day official visit to India from April 14–17, 2026—his first trip to the country and also his first visit outside Europe since taking office.
During the visit, Stocker held bilateral talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, focusing on expanding cooperation in trade, investment, green technology, and strategic sectors.
The two sides signed multiple agreements, including cooperation in food safety, counter-terrorism, and broader economic engagement, signalling a renewed push in India–Austria ties.
The visit is being seen as a milestone, marking the first visit by an Austrian Chancellor to India in over four decades and reflecting growing momentum in bilateral relations.
Sl. No
MoU / Agreement/LoI
Description
1
Agreement on Audiovisual Co production between India and Austria
The agreement will provide a framework for enhanced cooperation between the film industries of the two countries and facilitate joint film production, creative exchanges and greater cultural engagement.
2
Joint Announcement on setting up a Fast Track Mechanism for Indian and Austrian companies
The Fast Track mechanism will identify and solve problems faced by Indian and Austrian companies and investors in each other’s economies. The FAST- TRACK mechanism will also serve as a platform for discussing general suggestions from the point of view of investors regarding ease of doing business.
3
Letter of Intent on Cooperation in Military Matters
The LOI will provide an institutional framework for promoting cooperation in military matters, defence industrial and technology partnership, building on the momentum of the India-EU Defence and Security Partnership signed on 27 January 2026, as well as facilitate defence policy dialogue, training and capacity building.
4
Letter of Intent on Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism
The LoI will advance counter terrorism cooperation between India and Austria including the goal of both sides to work together to establish a Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism for exploring areas of strategic cooperation on issues relating to the fight against terrorism.
5
MoU on Food Safety between AGES, Austria and FSSAI, India
The MoU will promote cooperation in food safety standards, scientific exchange, capacity building and sharing of best practices in food regulation and risk assessment thereby promoting trade in agricultural and food products, while ensuring highest priority for safety standards.
6
Joint Letter of Intent regarding dual vocational training, skills development and the recognition of vocational qualifications
Joint Letter of Intent will help to expand exchanges and knowledge sharing in the fields of dual vocational training (apprenticeship) and skills development as well as the promotion of recognition of Indian vocational qualifications according to Austrian Standards.
Announcements
Sl. No
Title
1
Renewal of the MoU on technical cooperation in the road infrastructure sector.
(The MoU will help to strengthen technical cooperation in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), road safety, electronic toll collection and traffic management.)
2
Increased cooperation of startup ecosystems under India-Austria Startup Bridge.
(continued collaboration between the startups, unicorns, innovation ecosystems and venture capital networks of the two countries)
3
Launch of Institutional Cybersecurity Dialogue.
4
Partnership between India’s Centre for UN Peacekeeping and Austrian Armed Forces International Centre (AUTINT).
5
Agreement to jointly organise a bilateral space industry seminar in Vienna in Autumn 2026; included in the Joint Statement.
6
Operationalization of Working Holiday Programme.
7
High-technology cooperation as a central pillar of the Enhanced India–Austria partnership.
(Identification of several collaborative R&D projects including in the areas of material science and technology, quantum technology, wastewater treatment, machine learning, lasers, etc under the joint Committee of Science and Technology)
8
Launch a structured bilateral Dialogue on Cooperation in Education.
(Aimed at enhancing skills development, promote curricula development, facilitate the mutual recognition of qualifications, and support institutional collaboration in higher education and the development of vocational education and training systems.)
9
Focus India initiative of Austria’s leading technical Universities to systematically deepen educational cooperation and research cooperation with India.
(Launch by the three public technical universities in Austria (Technische Universität Wien, Technische Universität Graz und Montanuniversität Leoben) of a dedicated portal to facilitate admissions for Indian students to pursue engineering and technical masters programmes in Austria)
The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports will organise a nationwide Nari Shakti Vandan Run on April 17 and 18, 2026, spanning seven major cities as part of its push to promote women-led development and citizen engagement under the Viksit Bharat vision.
The event, themed #NariShaktiVandan, will be held in Delhi, Cuttack, Patna, Mumbai, Indore, Bengaluru and Jaipur. While Patna and Jaipur will host the run on April 17, the remaining cities—Delhi, Cuttack, Mumbai, Indore and Bengaluru—are scheduled for April 18.
The programme will begin early in the morning with participant registrations, followed by an inaugural session featuring the felicitation of dignitaries, an address by the chief guest, and the administration of the Nari Shakti pledge. The run itself, covering a distance of around 2 to 3 kilometres, will take place at prominent public venues in each city and conclude with certificate distribution.
The initiative seeks to draw wide participation from women across sectors, including students, professionals, entrepreneurs, athletes and civil society members. Participation is being facilitated through platforms and institutions such as MY Bharat, the National Service Scheme (NSS), and the Sports Authority of India (SAI), along with other partner organisations.
The event coincides with the ongoing Parliament session from April 16 to 18, during which discussions around women’s representation and delimitation are underway. It is aimed at deepening public awareness and encouraging greater engagement in democratic processes, particularly in the context of inclusive representation.
The ‘Nari Shakti Vandan Run’ underscores the government’s continued emphasis on women’s empowerment, positioning women as central stakeholders in India’s journey towards becoming a developed nation.
Election Commission of India (ECI) has commenced the distribution of Voter Information Slips (VIS) for the general elections to the legislative assemblies of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Phase-I) which go to polls on 23rd April, 2026 (Thursday).
VIS contains voter’s details, Polling Station location, date and time of poll and a snapshot of the polling station map along with a list of Do’s and Don’ts to guide the voters on poll day. A QR code also helps the voters in faster searching/matching of elector details. VIS also helps in reducing crowding at polling stations and helps in faster polling.
It may be recalled that the Commission had, in one of its initiatives, issued instructions to make VIS more readable and accessible for the convenience of voters. Accordingly, the part number and the serial number of the voter has been made clearly legible on the VIS for ease of identification and use.
VIS are being distributed by the BLOs concerned personally to the voters by visiting door to door. The process is to be completed at least 5 days before the day of poll to all enrolled electors.
To make the VIS accessible and voter-friendly, the Commission has also issued instructions that they should only be in the languages in which Electoral Roll is published for the assembly constituency.
To ensure wholesome constructive participation and active engagement of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in the election process, it has been directed to issue Accessible Voter Information Slips (AVIS) with Braille Features to Persons with Visual Impairment or Blind, over and above the regular VIS.
BLA/Candidate or their agents may accompany the BLOs during distribution of VIS.
Any unauthorized distribution/ possession of VIS (election material) shall be considered as violation of the relevant provisions of the RP Act, 1951 and the BNS and is punishable with imprisonment or fine or both.
Voter Information Slip shall not be accepted as a stand-alone identification document by a voter for the purpose of casting one’s vote in the poll. Electors can use any one of the 12 authorised ID proofs apart from the EPIC to cast their votes.
The Vice President of India, C. P. Radhakrishnan, on Wednesday called for a proactive embrace of Artificial Intelligence as a transformative force for governance, while delivering the 5th Dr. Rajendra Prasad Memorial Lecture at the Indian Institute of Public Administration.
Speaking at the institute’s Founders’ Day celebrations, he described the current era as the “Age of AI,” noting that emerging technologies are redefining how governments function and interact with citizens. He emphasised that governance must go beyond systems and regulations, focusing instead on empowering people and ensuring inclusivity.
Paying tribute to Rajendra Prasad, the Vice President highlighted his legacy of integrity, simplicity, and commitment to public service, calling the lecture series a fitting homage to the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.
Radhakrishnan underlined that AI is playing a pivotal role in advancing India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047. He said the technology is enabling faster, smarter, and more transparent governance, improving service delivery and ensuring targeted welfare distribution with minimal leakages.
He also pointed to India’s growing leadership in the AI space under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, citing initiatives such as the national language platform BHASHINI, which is helping bridge linguistic divides. AI applications in healthcare, including telemedicine services like eSanjeevani, were highlighted as examples of how technology is expanding access to essential services.
Vice President Shri C. P. Radhakrishnan graced the 72nd Founders’ Day celebrations of the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) in New Delhi today. On the occasion, he delivered the 5th Dr. Rajendra Prasad Annual Memorial Lecture on the theme “AI for Good Governance.”… pic.twitter.com/bXUTQEO7GZ
Beyond healthcare, he noted AI’s expanding footprint across agriculture, MSMEs, cybersecurity, judiciary, and administrative systems, reinforcing its role as a cross-sectoral enabler.
Highlighting India’s strong global standing in AI innovation, the Vice President referenced key initiatives such as the India AI Mission and the Anusandhan National Research Foundation, aimed at strengthening the country’s technological ecosystem.
He also urged young professionals to adapt to emerging technologies, drawing parallels with the early scepticism around computers, and emphasised the need to build an AI-ready workforce through initiatives like Skill India and the National Education Policy.
At the same time, Radhakrishnan cautioned against the unregulated use of AI, stressing that technological advancement must be guided by ethical principles, fairness, and accountability.
Concluding his address, he described Artificial Intelligence as not merely a technological shift but a broader human transformation, calling on stakeholders to harness its potential responsibly to build an inclusive and compassionate society.
Sony Pictures Classics has announced that I Swear, written and directed by BAFTA nominee Kirk Jones, will open in theatres across the United States on April 24, 2026.
The film, which had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival 2025, received strong critical acclaim and currently holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It has also delivered a solid run at the UK box office, alongside major awards recognition. Lead actor Robert Aramayo secured the Best Lead Performance honour at the British Independent Film Awards, where the film also won for Best Casting. It has further earned multiple BAFTA nominations, including Outstanding British Film and Best Original Screenplay.
Inspired by the life of Tourette’s Syndrome campaigner John Davidson, the film stars Aramayo alongside a strong supporting cast featuring Maxine Peake, Shirley Henderson and Peter Mullan.
imdb
Spanning five decades from the 1980s to present-day Britain, the story traces Davidson’s diagnosis at the age of 15 and follows his journey through adolescence and adulthood, highlighting the challenges of living with a widely misunderstood condition. The film also worked closely with the Tourette’s community, incorporating individuals with lived experience and consulting relevant charities to ensure authenticity.
I Swear is produced by Kirk Jones, Georgia Bayliff and Piers Tempest under One Story High and Tempo Productions, with Cindy Jones and John Davidson serving as executive producers.
Sony Pictures Classics has acquired worldwide rights to Gail Daughtry and the Celebrity Sex Pass, a comedy directed by David Wain. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival 2026 and features an ensemble cast led by Zoey Deutch and Jon Hamm. The acquisition marks one of Sony Pictures Classics’ key deals from this year’s festival.
A small-town story with a Hollywood twist has landed a major distribution deal.
Sony Pictures Classics announced it has acquired worldwide rights to Gail Daughtry and the Celebrity Sex Pass, an independent comedy that premiered at the 2026 Sundance Film Festival. The deal marks the company’s fourth acquisition from this year’s event.
Directed by David Wain and co-written with longtime collaborator Ken Marino, the film builds on Wain’s track record of character-driven comedies.
Gail Daughtry film plot and Sundance reception
The film follows Gail Daughtry, a small-town hairdresser whose life unravels after her fiancé acts on a so-called “celebrity pass.”
Gail’s fiancé, Tom, betrays her after meeting his celebrity pass
She travels to Los Angeles with her friend Otto
A psychic convinces her to pursue her own celebrity encounter
The journey turns into a chaotic search involving celebrities and unexpected dangers
The narrative unfolds as Gail navigates Hollywood in search of actor Jon Hamm, encountering industry figures and a group of pursuing assassins along the way.
The film premiered to strong audience response at Sundance, according to Sony Pictures Classics.
Cast and production details of Gail Daughtry film
The film features a wide-ranging ensemble cast.
Zoey Deutch plays Gail Daughtry
Jon Hamm appears as himself
John Slattery and Ken Marino take supporting roles
Additional cast includes Miles Gutierrez-Riley, Ben Wang, Joe Lo Truglio, and Sabrina Impacciatore
Behind the camera, the film brings together several experienced creatives.
Cinematography by Kevin Atkinson
Editing by John Daigle
Production design by Justin Lieb
Music composed by Craig Wedren
The film was shot entirely on location in Los Angeles.
Sony Pictures Classics strategy and filmmaker response
Sony Pictures Classics described the film as a standout comedy from the festival lineup.
“GAIL DAUGHTRY AND THE CELEBRITY SEX PASS is the most hilarious comedy we have seen in ages,” the company said in a statement.
Wain said the film aims to deliver theatrical comedy at a time when audiences are seeking light-hearted entertainment.
“I think we’re all hungry to have more movies in theaters that are designed to provide laughter and joy,” he said.
Producer Crystine Zhang said partnering with Sony Pictures Classics was significant for the project’s release.
The acquisition deal was negotiated between Sony Pictures Classics and WME Independent on behalf of the filmmakers.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced the schedule for the General Election to Legislative Assemblies of Assam, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal and bye-elections in 6 states on March 15,2026.
The last date of filing of nominations for the State of West Bengal (Phase-II), which goes to polls on April 29, 2026 was April 9, 2026, while the date of scrutiny of nominations for West Bengal (Phase-II), was April 10, 2026 and the last date of withdrawal of nominations was April 13, 2026 by 3:00 PM.
After the last date of withdrawal of nominations, details of the total number of candidates for West Bengal are as under:
Sl.
No.
Name of State/UT
No. of ACs
Total No. of candidates
after Withdrawals
1.
West Bengal (Phase-I)
152
1,478
2.
West Bengal (Phase-II)
142
1,448
The Returning Officers (ROs) shall publish the list of contesting candidates in the Official Gazette as per the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
ROs shall place all the election papers and proceedings relating to nominations, scrutiny and withdrawal of candidatures in each constituency together in his/her custody in a sealed packet/envelope with the seal.
Citizens can view the details of their candidates including their educational qualifications, criminal antecedents, assets and liabilities and download their affidavits from the “Know Your Candidate” tab on the ECINet App.
Moreover, in line with ECI’s initiative, the EVM Ballot papers will bear the coloured photographs of the candidates and their details including serial number, name and symbol in large font for the ease and convenience of the voters.
The National Film Development Corporation Ltd. has announced the nationwide release of Malayalam feature film Achappa’s Album on April 24, 2026. Directed by Deepti Pillay Sivan, the film blends family drama, fantasy, and comedy through a time-travel narrative. The project, backed by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, explores generational relationships through a father-son role reversal.
Key Takeaways
Achappa’s Album will release nationwide on April 24, 2026.
The film combines time travel with a father-son role reversal narrative.
It features a mix of veteran and contemporary actors.
NFDC continues to support diverse storytelling in Indian cinema.
A Malayalam-language film built around memory, time, and family relationships is set for a nationwide release later this month.
The National Film Development Corporation Ltd. (NFDC), a government-backed body under India’s Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, announced that Achappa’s Album will release in theatres on April 24.
The film brings together elements of fantasy, humor, and emotional storytelling, centered on a premise that explores what it means to step into another generation’s life.
Achappa’s Album story and time-travel concept explained
Directed by Deepti Pillay Sivan and written by Sanjeev Sivan, Anirban Bhattacharya, and Umesh Nair, the film follows a father and son whose lives unexpectedly intertwine through a time-travel twist.
The narrative places both characters in each other’s roles, creating a situation where generational differences come into focus.
A father and son begin living each other’s lives after an unexpected event
The story explores generational perspectives and personal choices
Themes include family bonds, memory, and emotional understanding
Director Deepti Pillay Sivan said the film uses a simple premise to explore deeper human connections.
“The film explores deep human relationships through a simple yet engaging time-travel narrative,” she said, according to NFDC.
Achappa’s Album cast and technical team details
The film features a mix of established and emerging actors.
Mohan Agashe leads the ensemble cast
Supporting roles include Anjana Appukuttan, Aadinath Kothare, Priyanka Nair, and Sidhanshu Sanjeev Sivan
The technical team includes cinematographer Manoj Pillai and editor Sreekar Prasad, a National Award winner. Music for the film is composed by Gulraj Singh.
NFDC role in Indian cinema and film promotion
NFDC Managing Director Prakash Magdum said the project reflects the organization’s focus on supporting distinctive storytelling.
“This film reflects our commitment to nurturing unique voices in Indian cinema,” he said. “By combining an imaginative concept with emotional depth, Achappa’s Album has the potential to resonate with audiences across all generations.”
Established in 1975, NFDC has played a role in supporting film production, distribution, and preservation across multiple Indian languages.
The teaser for Achappa’s Album has been released on NFDC’s official platforms, with the full trailer expected in the coming days.
A study from Drexel University finds that U.S. teens are increasingly worried about their growing attachment to AI companion chatbots. The research, based on hundreds of Reddit posts and set to be presented at the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems in April, highlights patterns resembling behavioral addiction. Researchers say features like emotional responsiveness and personalization may be deepening these attachments and affecting teens’ offline lives.
Key Takeaways
Teens report growing emotional dependence on AI companion chatbots.
Usage patterns in the study show signs similar to behavioral addiction.0
Chatbot design features may intensify attachment and make disengagement difficult.
Researchers call for safer, more responsible AI design to protect young users.
For some teenagers, conversations with artificial intelligence are beginning to feel less like a tool and more like a relationship.
A new study from Drexel University examines how teens are using AI-powered companion chatbots and what happens when those interactions deepen over time. The findings suggest a growing unease among young users who say their reliance on these systems is becoming difficult to manage.
The research focused on platforms such as Character.AI, Replika, and Kindroid, which are designed to simulate conversation and provide companionship. More than half of U.S. teens are estimated to use such tools regularly, according to the study.
Teen AI chatbot usage patterns and emotional dependence
The study analyzed more than 300 Reddit posts written by users who identified themselves as between 13 and 17 years old. These posts described personal experiences with chatbot use, often beginning as entertainment or emotional support.
About a quarter of the users said they turned to chatbots to cope with loneliness, distress, or mental health struggles. A smaller portion reported using them for creative tasks or casual interaction.
Over time, many described a shift.
Teens reported using chatbots for emotional support and companionship.
Some said usage began as harmless or helpful.
Many described growing difficulty in limiting or stopping use.
“This study provides one of the first teen-centered accounts of overreliance on AI companions,” said Afsaneh Razi, an assistant professor in Drexel’s College of Computing and Informatics.
Researchers found that what began as occasional engagement often evolved into persistent, habitual use that extended into daily routines.
Signs of behavioral addiction in chatbot interactions
The research identified patterns that align with established components of behavioral addiction. Within the 318 posts reviewed, teens described experiences that matched all six major indicators.
Conflict: feeling torn between continued use and negative feelings about it
Salience: prioritizing chatbot interaction over real-world relationships
Withdrawal: experiencing anxiety or sadness when not using the chatbot
Tolerance: increasing usage to maintain satisfaction
Relapse: attempting to quit but returning to use
Mood modification: using chatbots to cope with stress or loneliness
“Many teens described starting with something that felt helpful or harmless, but over time it became something they struggled to step away from,” said Matt Namvarpour, the study’s lead author.
The interactive nature of these systems may intensify attachment. Unlike earlier digital tools, chatbots respond conversationally and can simulate empathy, which may blur the line between software and social connection.
“What makes this especially tricky is that chatbots are interactive and emotionally responsive, so the experience can feel more like a relationship than a tool,” Namvarpour said.
Why AI companion design may increase attachment
Researchers point to specific design features that may contribute to stronger emotional bonds.
Personalization allows chatbots to adapt responses based on user preferences. Memory features enable them to recall past conversations. Multimodal capabilities can simulate more human-like interaction.
These elements, the study suggests, make it harder for users to disengage.
“Personalization, multimodality and memory set AI companions apart from earlier technologies and make overreliance harder to disentangle from authentic-feeling relationships,” the researchers wrote.
The study highlights how these characteristics may increase susceptibility to overuse, especially among younger users still developing social and emotional frameworks.
Recommendations for safer chatbot design
The research team proposes a framework aimed at reducing harmful patterns while maintaining the benefits of AI tools.
Include usage tracking features to help users monitor time spent
Add emotional check-in prompts to encourage reflection
Provide customizable limits on interaction
Design clear and gradual exit options for disengagement
“It’s important for designers to ensure that chatbots are offering guidance that helps users build confidence in their abilities to form relationships offline,” Razi said.
The researchers also recommend involving mental health professionals and users in the design process to better address risks.
Expanding research on AI and youth behavior
The study is based on self-reported experiences from Reddit users, which researchers acknowledge as a starting point rather than a complete picture. They suggest future work should include broader demographics and multiple platforms.
Further research may also explore how different chatbot designs influence user behavior and whether certain features increase or reduce dependency.
