NASA to Discuss Lunar Exploration and Space Technology at 2026 Symposium

NASA will join the 2026 von Braun Space Exploration Symposium in Huntsville, Alabama, from October 26 to 28, to discuss lunar exploration, sustainable Moon infrastructure, advanced propulsion and the future space workforce.

Organised by the American Astronautical Society in collaboration with NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, the annual event will take place at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Discussions will cover NASA’s Artemis II and III missions, space nuclear technology, lunar infrastructure, supply chain resilience and advances in space propulsion.

The programme will also feature sessions on workforce development and engineering, alongside keynote addresses and awards presentations.

NASA Officials to Participate

Speakers include NASA Deputy Associate Administrator Casey Swails, Marshall Space Flight Center Director Stephen Cash, Science Mission Directorate Associate Administrator Nicky Fox, and Artemis II Launch Director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson. Other participants include Steve Creech, Human Landing System programme manager, and Debbie Whitis Korth, acting Orion programme manager.

Media representatives seeking interviews must contact Lance D. Davis at lance.d.davis@nasa.gov and Joel Wallace at joel.w.wallace@nasa.gov. Those wishing to attend in person or online must register through the American Astronautical Society.

The symposium brings together government, industry, policy and academic leaders to discuss developments in space exploration and future priorities.


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NASA Satellites Reveal 2026 El Niño May Rival the Record-Setting 1997 Event

NASA satellite observations indicate that the El Niño developing in 2026 could rival some of the strongest events recorded over the past three decades. By comparing ocean surface height measurements from October 1997 and October 2026, scientists have identified similarities that could offer clues about the weather impacts expected in the coming months.

El Niño is a naturally occurring climate pattern that develops roughly every two to seven years. It involves warmer-than-normal water across parts of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and can disrupt weather patterns worldwide. Previous strong events, particularly those in 1997-98 and 2015-16, were associated with wildfires in Indonesia and the Amazon, drought-related crop failures in southern Africa, and heavy rainfall and coastal flooding in Southern California.

According to Josh Willis, project scientist for sea level missions at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), each El Niño develops differently depending on where warm water accumulates in the Pacific and how the atmosphere responds.

“The search for the ‘typical’ El Niño is very elusive,” Willis said. “They’re all different in terms of where they land and how their impacts play out.”

How Satellites Track El Niño’s Development

El Niño develops through interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. Under normal conditions, trade winds push warm surface water towards the western Pacific, where sea levels are higher than in the east. When these winds weaken, warm water moves eastward, further weakening the winds and sometimes reversing their direction. This feedback loop allows more warm water to accumulate in the central and eastern Pacific.

NASA uses satellite altimetry to measure changes in sea surface height, helping scientists track the movement and accumulation of warm water. As seawater warms, it expands, contributing to higher-than-average sea levels. These changes provide an indicator of the heat building up across the equatorial Pacific.

The October 13, 1997, map was created using data from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite, while the October 12, 2026, map uses observations from the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite. Scientists at JPL processed the data, removing seasonal variations and long-term trends to highlight short-term sea level anomalies associated with El Niño and other natural phenomena.

The resulting maps use red to indicate higher-than-average sea levels, white for near-normal conditions and blue for lower-than-average levels.

Willis said the satellite record is particularly valuable because it spans 35 years and includes missions that overlap and follow nearly identical ground tracks.

“What’s unique about altimetry is that we have a 35-year record from nearly identical satellites flying almost the same ground track, with each mission overlapping the next,” Willis said. “That lets us look back in time and compare this El Niño to what happened in 1997. And right now, this one is on track to be even bigger.”

How the 2026 Event Compares With 1997 and 2015

Although the 2026 El Niño developed more suddenly than the 1997-98 event, satellite observations show similarities in their structure. Both display lower sea levels in the western Pacific and elevated sea levels extending eastward towards South America.

These similarities suggest that the two events could produce comparable weather impacts. During the 1997-98 El Niño, for example, California and the southern United States experienced substantial rainfall.

The powerful 2015-16 El Niño, however, developed a different pattern. Satellite maps from October 2015 show that the exceptionally warm water along the equator did not extend towards the South American coast as strongly as it did in 1997 and 2026.

That difference was associated with a different distribution of rainfall during the winter of 2015-16. Impacts were concentrated more heavily over Central America and the southeastern United States, while Mexico experienced significant flooding.

The comparison highlights why the strength of an El Niño alone cannot fully predict its consequences. The location of elevated sea levels and the distribution of warm water across the Pacific also influence how the event affects regional weather.

Strong El Niño Conditions Expected to Continue Into 2027

The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s October 8, 2026, outlook estimated an 83 percent chance that a strong-to-very strong El Niño would persist through the first three months of 2027.

However, scientists caution that the eventual impacts of the 2026-27 winter remain uncertain. El Niño influences weather through the atmosphere, a complex and chaotic system in which climate signals can become less clear as they spread beyond the tropics.

Willis warned against assuming that the similarities with 1997 guarantee identical outcomes.

“There’s always a bit of a dice roll here,” Willis said. “Just because this El Niño looks like 1997 doesn’t mean it will be exactly the same—it’s just our best guess at the moment.”


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Indian Student Wins Global Youth Institute Award at World Food Prize Foundation Symposium

The National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), New Delhi, highlighted India’s agricultural research achievements at the World Food Prize Foundation’s 2026 Norman E. Borlaug International Dialogue, held from October 20 to 22 in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The event, themed “Before Hunger Wins”, brought together opportunities for international engagement on agricultural research, food security and sustainable agri-food systems.

India’s participation included an exhibition showcasing publications from NAAS and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the involvement of young Indian students in the Global Youth Institute (GYI), a roundtable discussion on agricultural higher education and the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between NAAS and the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), USA.

A key highlight was the recognition of Ameena Nazreen A S, who received a Global Youth Institute award carrying a cash prize of US$500. She was among seven high school students from different parts of India selected through the NAAS-YUVA selection drive to participate in the international programme.

The students presented research papers addressing global food-security challenges, gaining opportunities to exchange ideas with international peers and discuss sustainable approaches to agriculture and food systems.

Indian Students Present Research on Global Food Security

Seven Indian high school students participated in the Global Youth Institute programme during the World Food Prize Foundation event. Selected through the NAAS-YUVA selection drive, they presented research papers focused on pressing food-security challenges.

Their participation offered a platform to engage with students from other countries, exchange perspectives and explore issues affecting sustainable agri-food systems. Ameena Nazreen A S’s award brought recognition to the student, NAAS and India, highlighting the contribution of young Indian talent to international discussions on food security.

Beyond the student programme, NAAS established an exhibition booth featuring publications from the Academy and ICAR. The display aimed to bring Indian agricultural research, scientific knowledge and policy perspectives to an international audience of researchers, academics, policymakers and other stakeholders.

The Academy’s participation reflected an effort to strengthen the international visibility of India’s agricultural research and encourage collaboration with scientific and educational institutions abroad.

NAAS Calls for Global Partnerships in Agricultural Education

A special roundtable on agricultural higher education was organised alongside the 2026 Norman E. Borlaug International Dialogue. The discussion brought members of the Indian agricultural diaspora together to explore how international partnerships could help transform agricultural education and prepare professionals for emerging global challenges.

Addressing the meeting virtually, Dr. M. L. Jat, President of NAAS, Secretary of the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), and Director General of ICAR, called for a renewed approach to agricultural higher education.

He highlighted challenges including climate change, natural resource degradation, biodiversity loss and the growing demand for nutritious and healthy food. According to the announcement, he emphasised the need to move beyond production-centric agriculture towards an integrated agri-food systems and value-chain approach.

Dr. Jat also stressed the importance of stronger collaboration between academic institutions and industry, international knowledge exchange and engagement with the Indian agricultural diaspora. These efforts, he said, can help develop industry-ready professionals while strengthening agricultural research and education.

He further highlighted NAAS’s role in encouraging policy dialogue and bringing researchers, policymakers, academic institutions and industry representatives together to address emerging challenges in agricultural research and development.

NAAS and CAST Sign Agreement to Strengthen Cooperation

Another key development was the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between NAAS and the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology in the United States.

The agreement aims to create new opportunities for cooperation in agricultural research, capacity development and knowledge exchange. It is expected to strengthen institutional relationships and facilitate international scientific collaboration.

 


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A teenager’s final act, a YouTuber’s 151 hours in a kennel: How compassion can change animal care

New York votes to ban horse-drawn carriages, honours Indian teen killed in Central Park

Speaker Om Birla Says Fresh Notice Against CEC Will Follow Rules

Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla has said any fresh notice seeking the removal of Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar will be examined under established parliamentary rules and procedures, amid opposition protests over the Election Commission’s handling of electoral roll revisions.

“If any fresh notice comes, we will see and examine it accordingly under rules and procedures,” Birla told reporters on Thursday, responding to a question about the possibility of another motion against the poll panel chief.

The remarks come as opposition parties intensify their campaign against Kumar over alleged irregularities in the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls. The opposition has demanded his removal, accusing him of exercising the Election Commission’s powers in an arbitrary manner. These allegations have not been established through the removal process.

Opposition’s Earlier Removal Notices

Opposition parties have made two attempts to initiate proceedings against Kumar. Notices submitted during the first attempt were rejected by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha in April. Notices submitted during the second attempt remain pending in the Rajya Sabha, according to reports.

The opposition’s campaign has intensified following allegations about the conduct of the SIR exercise. Protests demanding Kumar’s resignation have taken place in different parts of the country over the past fortnight.

Birla’s statement does not indicate that a fresh notice has been formally submitted or that any new removal proceedings have been admitted. Any further action will depend on the submission of a notice and its consideration under the applicable parliamentary procedures.

How the CEC Can Be Removed

The Constitution provides the Chief Election Commissioner with protection against removal similar to that enjoyed by a Supreme Court judge. The CEC can be removed only through a special parliamentary process on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

Under the procedure prescribed by law, once a removal motion is admitted, a three-member committee is constituted to investigate the charges. It comprises the Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge, a chief justice of a high court and a distinguished jurist.

If the committee finds the allegations unsubstantiated, the proceedings cannot advance on that basis. If it finds the charges established, Parliament can consider the motion.

Removal requires each House to pass an address supporting it by a majority of its total membership and by at least two-thirds of members present and voting, with both Houses adopting the address in the same session.

Birla’s latest remarks leave open the possibility of further proceedings if the opposition submits another notice. Any such move would have to meet the applicable procedural and constitutional requirements before it could advance.

A teenager’s final act, a YouTuber’s 151 hours in a kennel: How compassion can change animal care

When an Indian teenager plunged towards his mother as a horse-drawn carriage overturned in New York’s Central Park, he was trying to save someone he loved. Romanch Mahajan struck his head on the ground and later died in hospital. His family’s visit to one of the world’s most recognisable urban parks ended in a tragedy that would become part of a much larger debate about human safety and the treatment of animals.

Months later, the New York City Council voted to pass a law bearing his name, seeking to bring an end to the city’s horse-drawn carriage industry. The measure, approved on October 22, will phase out the industry by June 1, 2028.

Romanch’s story is not simply about a tourist caught in a fatal accident. It is about how an individual tragedy can give fresh force to a cause that has struggled for years to command political action.

Across the United States, animal-welfare advocates have used very different approaches to make a similar point: suffering that remains distant or invisible can be difficult to confront, but a personal story can make it impossible to ignore.

In 2017, YouTuber Elton Castee spent 151 hours living inside a dog kennel to raise money for animal protection. A year earlier, animal-shelter worker Rob Morlino had spent a weekend in a kennel to draw attention to the needs of abandoned animals.

Their experiences were voluntary campaigns. Romanch’s death was an irreversible loss. Yet all three stories illuminate the relationship between personal sacrifice, public attention and the effort to change how animals are treated.

Romanch Mahajan: When a family tragedy became a public cause

Romanch, 18, had recently completed his higher secondary education at Angel’s Public School in Mamun, Pathankot. He was visiting New York with his parents and brother to celebrate his graduation.

The family was enjoying Central Park when the carriage driver stopped to take their photograph. The horse suddenly bolted, overturning the carriage and throwing Romanch’s mother, Priya, from the vehicle.

Romanch tried to save her. His head struck the ground, and he later died in hospital.

For his family, the loss was devastating. But his death also brought renewed attention to a dispute that animal-welfare groups and some city lawmakers had pursued for years: whether horse-drawn carriages belong in an increasingly congested urban environment.

The campaign had faced resistance from carriage operators and their union, whose members depend on the trade for their livelihoods. Previous efforts to end the industry had failed.

Romanch’s death gave the debate a human dimension that could not be reduced to arguments about tourism, tradition or commercial interests.

His uncle, Gaurav Mahajan, joined supporters of the ban outside City Hall before the Council vote. Speaking on behalf of the family, he appealed to New Yorkers not to forget the teenager.

“True justice means recognising that these gentle, majestic horses do not belong on the congested asphalt or trapped in dangerous traffic,” he said. “On behalf of his parents and his brother, I leave New Yorkers with one final sacred request: please do not forget Romanch.”

The Council approved Romanch’s Law by 40 votes to seven, with two abstentions. The legislation provides for a phased end to the industry by June 1, 2028, alongside measures intended to support workers and ensure the humane placement of the horses.

The law does not erase the family’s loss. It does, however, give Romanch’s name a place in a policy decision intended to reduce risks to people and animals.

Elton Castee: 151 hours inside a dog kennel

Eight years before New York’s vote, an American internet personality tried a very different way to get people to pay attention to animal welfare.

On August 27, 2017, YouTuber Elton Castee entered a kennel at spcaLA’s Pitchford Companion Animal Village and Education Center in Long Beach, California. His initial goal was to raise $100,000 for the organisation in memory of his dog Sparta, who had died the previous year.

Castee remained in the kennel while viewers watched his livestream. He reached his original fundraising target by Wednesday morning, but chose to continue.

His next goal was to raise an additional $50,000 for spcaLA’s Disaster Animal Response Team, with the campaign extending to relief efforts following Hurricane Harvey in Texas.

When he ended the livestream on September 2, the fundraiser had collected $188,275, according to spcaLA. The organisation said more than seven million people had tuned in during the campaign.

The money supported animal-cruelty investigations, disaster response, shelter, food and veterinary care for abandoned and abused animals.

Castee’s campaign drew attention because it transformed an abstract problem into a visible, sustained personal experience. Rather than simply asking people to donate, he placed himself in an environment associated with animals awaiting care and adoption, allowing viewers to follow the challenge in real time.

His decision to remain after reaching the initial target also demonstrated how a fundraising effort could evolve when public interest created an opportunity to help more animals.

It was not equivalent to the suffering of animals confined in shelters, nor did the experience reproduce the challenges faced by abandoned pets. Its significance lay in its ability to mobilise an online audience around a practical welfare objective.

Rob Morlino: Becoming the story to help shelter animals

Castee was not the first person to use the kennel as a fundraising platform.

In 2016, Rob Morlino, who worked with the Santa Fe Humane Society, spent 48 hours living in a kennel as part of an online campaign called #AdoptRob.

The challenge involved eating from a dog bowl, walking on a leash and wearing a protective cone, while using a livestream to engage viewers and encourage support for shelter animals.

The idea emerged during discussions about how the organisation could attract attention to an issue that often struggles to compete with other demands on public generosity.

Morlino later described the campaign as an attempt to rise above the noise surrounding animal welfare. The unusual format helped the shelter reach a much wider audience, with the campaign reported to have reached more than 4.5 million people.

The money raised was not enough to transform the organisation’s finances, according to the campaign account published by CrowdRise. But the initiative helped the shelter understand how online engagement could be turned into fundraising and greater awareness.

The parallel with Castee is clear: both used their own discomfort as a way to make animal welfare visible, while asking audiences to translate attention into support.

Their efforts also highlight a broader lesson for charities. A compelling human story can bring people to an issue, but lasting benefits depend on directing that attention towards concrete needs, from veterinary care and shelter capacity to rescue operations and adoption.

Three stories, one question about compassion

Romanch, Castee and Morlino occupy very different places in the story of animal welfare.

Romanch was an 18-year-old visitor whose attempt to save his mother ended in his death. Castee was an online creator who used a prolonged kennel stay to raise money for animal protection and disaster relief. Morlino was a shelter worker who turned a weekend in a kennel into a public-awareness campaign.

Their experiences should not be conflated. A fatal accident is not a fundraising challenge, and a temporary voluntary stay in a kennel does not reproduce the vulnerability of animals dependent on shelters for survival.

But the stories share a central feature: they made people look at an issue through an individual experience rather than an abstract argument.

In New York, the question was whether an old tourist tradition could continue amid concerns about public safety, animal welfare and the working conditions of carriage horses. The City Council’s decision to phase out the industry followed years of campaigning, with Romanch’s death providing renewed urgency.

For animal shelters, the challenge is often less dramatic but equally persistent: finding homes for abandoned animals, financing medical treatment and keeping rescue services running. Castee’s fundraiser demonstrated how an online audience could be mobilised to support those needs.

Morlino’s campaign offered another lesson: a striking act can generate attention, but the ultimate measure of success is what that attention enables an organisation to do.

Romanch’s Law will take time to implement, and the transition will affect workers as well as horses. The legislation therefore represents the beginning of a process, not the end of every dispute surrounding the industry.

For his family, the law carries a more personal meaning. A teenager who died trying to protect his mother will be remembered through a measure intended to change a longstanding city practice.

And for those working to protect animals, the three stories offer a reminder that compassion can take many forms: a family demanding that a death not be forgotten, a creator remaining in a kennel until a fundraising target grows, or a shelter worker turning himself into the subject of a campaign.

None of these acts alone can resolve every problem in animal welfare. But each shows how a personal story can move a wider public conversation towards action.

FAQs

1. Who was Romanch Mahajan?

Romanch Mahajan was an 18-year-old Indian tourist from the Pathankot area who died after a horse-drawn carriage overturned in Central Park in June 2026. He was visiting New York with his family to celebrate his graduation.

2. What is Romanch’s Law?

It is New York City legislation passed by the City Council on October 22, 2026, to phase out the horse-drawn carriage industry by June 1, 2028. It also includes provisions for workers and the humane placement of horses.

3. How much did Elton Castee raise by living in a dog kennel?

Castee raised $188,275 for spcaLA after spending 151 hours in a kennel in 2017. The fundraiser supported animal welfare work and disaster response, including relief efforts connected to Hurricane Harvey.

4. Who was Rob Morlino?

Morlino was an animal-shelter worker who spent 48 hours in a kennel in 2016 as part of the #AdoptRob campaign to raise awareness and funds for shelter animals.

5. What connects these three stories?

Each illustrates how an individual experience can draw public attention to animal welfare. Romanch’s death helped renew pressure for legislative change, while Castee and Morlino used voluntary challenges to encourage donations and support for animal-care organisations.

New York votes to ban horse-drawn carriages, honours Indian teen killed in Central Park

New York City Council has passed legislation to ban horse-drawn carriages, naming the measure after Indian teenager Romanch Mahajan, who died in June while trying to save his mother during an accident involving a horse-drawn carriage in Central Park.

The legislation, called Romanch’s Law, was adopted on Thursday following years of campaigning by animal rights activists who argued that horses should not be exposed to congested city traffic and potentially dangerous working conditions.

The teenager’s death gave fresh momentum to the campaign, which had faced opposition from carriage owners and the union representing drivers.

The bill now goes to Mayor Zohran Mamdani for his signature. Even if the mayor refuses to sign it, the legislation would still become law because the Council passed it with enough votes to override a veto.

Romanch’s death has turned the debate over horse-drawn carriages into a question of public safety as well as animal welfare, bringing renewed attention to the risks associated with operating horse-drawn vehicles on busy city streets.

Romanch died trying to save his mother

Romanch, who had recently completed his higher secondary education at Angel’s Public School in Mamun, Pathankot, was visiting New York with his parents and brother.

The family was enjoying the sights of Central Park when the carriage driver stopped to take a photograph of them. The horse suddenly bolted, overturning the carriage and throwing Romanch’s mother, Priya, from the vehicle.

Romanch tried to save her by diving after her, but his head struck the ground. He was taken to hospital, where he died.

His uncle, Gaurav Mahajan, attended a rally outside City Hall organised by supporters of the proposed ban before the Council voted on the legislation.

Appealing to New Yorkers to support the measure, Gaurav said: “True justice means recognising that these gentle, majestic horses do not belong on the congested asphalt or trapped in dangerous traffic”.

Speaking on behalf of Romanch’s immediate family, he added: “On behalf of his parents and his brother, I leave New Yorkers with one final sacred request: please do not forget Romanch”.

The family’s appeal placed the teenager’s death at the centre of a debate that animal rights campaigners had pursued for years.

Council cites animal welfare and public safety

City Council Speaker Julie Menin described the passage of the legislation as a significant step towards protecting animals, the public and workers.

“Our landmark vote to pass Romanch’s Law is a demonstration of this Council’s commitment to animal welfare, public safety, and worker protection,” Menin said.

Animal rights activists have long sought to end the horse-carriage trade in New York City, arguing that horses should not be made to work amid heavy traffic and other urban hazards. Their campaign encountered resistance from carriage operators and the union representing drivers.

Romanch’s death provided renewed urgency to the effort, helping bring the proposed ban to a decisive vote.

The legislation’s passage marks a major development in the long-running dispute, although the next formal step is for Mayor Mamdani to sign the bill. The Council’s vote is reported to be sufficient to withstand a mayoral veto.

For Romanch’s family, the measure carries a significance beyond the regulation of a particular form of transport. The legislation bears the name of a teenager who died while trying to protect his mother, giving his death a lasting place in New York’s debate over animal welfare and public safety.

FAQs

1. What is Romanch’s Law?

Romanch’s Law is legislation passed by the New York City Council to ban horse-drawn carriages. It is named after Indian teenager Romanch Mahajan, who died in a carriage accident in Central Park.

2. How did Romanch Mahajan die?

Romanch died after a horse bolted and overturned the carriage carrying his family in Central Park. He tried to save his mother, Priya, who had been thrown from the vehicle, but struck his head on the ground and later died in hospital.

3. Who must approve Romanch’s Law?

New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani must sign the bill. According to the report, the Council’s vote was sufficient to override a mayoral veto.

4. Why have activists sought a horse-carriage ban?

Animal rights activists have campaigned against horse-drawn carriages for years, citing concerns about animal welfare and the dangers of operating the vehicles in congested city traffic.

5. What did Romanch’s family say after the vote?

His uncle, Gaurav Mahajan, called for recognition of the risks to horses in city traffic and urged New Yorkers not to forget Romanch.

Rubio Visits Jamnagar: Why more Venezuelan oil for refinery is a tougher choice for Ambanis

The United States wants India to buy more Venezuelan oil. India has the refining capacity, Venezuela has some of the world’s largest oil reserves, and Washington sees Indian demand as a potential route to expanding the market for Venezuelan crude under US oversight.

But the proposal faces a basic commercial problem: having the ability to refine a particular grade of oil does not mean buying it makes economic sense.

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s visit to Reliance Industries’ Jamnagar refinery complex on October 21 brought this tension into focus. Rubio described India as a “refining superpower” and argued that only a limited number of facilities worldwide can process Venezuela’s exceptionally heavy crude.

For India, however, the decision involves more than diplomatic relations with Washington. Refiners must compare the delivered cost of Venezuelan crude with competing supplies, assess the technical requirements of their facilities and ensure that additional purchases generate sufficient returns.

The issue also intersects with US pressure on India to reduce its dependence on Russian oil. New Delhi must decide whether expanding Venezuelan imports offers a genuine commercial advantage or risks turning its energy procurement into an instrument of American geopolitical policy.
1. Why does the US want India to buy more Venezuelan oil?
Washington wants to establish a larger market for Venezuelan crude as production is expected to increase under US oversight. India is an attractive potential buyer because it imports substantial quantities of crude oil and operates sophisticated refineries capable of processing difficult grades.

Reliance Industries is central to this strategy. Its Jamnagar complex has a combined crude-processing capacity of around 1.4 million barrels per day and is among the world’s most complex refining facilities.

Rubio argued that India and Reliance could help diversify global energy supplies away from regions vulnerable to conflict. He told The Indian Express:

“The whole world is interested in diversifying how we get energy. I don’t think we want a world in which an overwhelming amount of the global energy comes from one part of the world that is prone to conflict.”

He also highlighted the limited number of refineries capable of processing Venezuelan heavy crude, pointing to facilities on the US Gulf Coast and in India.

The American objective is therefore twofold: expand the market for Venezuelan oil and encourage India to increase purchases from a source Washington wants to develop.

However, Washington’s strategic preference does not automatically translate into a commercially attractive deal for Indian refiners.
2. What makes Venezuelan crude difficult to process?
Venezuela’s flagship Merey crude is extremely heavy and highly sulphurous. Its physical and chemical characteristics mean that it cannot be processed as efficiently or economically at every refinery.

Refineries require specific configurations and processing equipment to handle different crude grades. Facilities designed to process lighter oil may face technical limitations or additional costs when handling very heavy crude.

Reliance’s Jamnagar complex is particularly well suited to processing Venezuelan oil because of its sophisticated configuration. Other Indian refiners, including Indian Oil, Hindustan Petroleum and Nayara Energy, may also provide some additional demand.

But this does not mean all Indian refining capacity can absorb large volumes of Venezuelan crude.

Abu Dhabi-based energy analyst Natalia Katona told The Indian Express that refining capacity and price competitiveness were the two major challenges facing an expansion of Venezuelan oil imports.

This is the first constraint: the number of suitable refineries limits the potential market, even when the importing country is one of the world’s largest crude buyers.
3. Why can discounted Venezuelan oil become expensive?
The second constraint is the cost of transporting the crude to India.

According to Katona, Venezuela’s Merey grade was being offered at a discount of around $25 per barrel to Brent, the international benchmark. But freight to India’s west coast was costing approximately $35 per barrel.

That creates a substantial problem. A discount at the point of sale does not necessarily translate into a discount when the oil reaches the refinery.

Illustrative calculation based on the figures cited by Katona:
– Discount to Brent: $25 per barrel
– Freight to India’s west coast: $35 per barrel
– Freight exceeding the discount: $10 per barrel
On these figures, freight alone more than eliminates the quoted discount, creating a $10-per-barrel premium relative to Brent before other costs and crude-quality adjustments are considered.

This is not a complete landed-cost comparison. Insurance, financing, processing costs and the relative value of the crude’s refined products would also affect the final economics.

Shipping scale matters, too. Katona said transporting Venezuelan crude on vessels smaller than very large crude carriers (VLCCs) was hardly economical at the prevailing freight rates.

The implication is straightforward: Venezuela could offer a sizeable headline discount, yet Indian refiners might still find competing supplies more attractive once transportation and other expenses are included.
4. Has India already increased Venezuelan oil imports?
Yes. According to the figures cited in the report, India had already substantially increased its Venezuelan crude purchases after the West Asia crisis began.

Imports rose from virtually zero before the increase to a peak of 350,000 barrels per day in August 2026, before easing to around 200,000 barrels per day in September.

India’s purchases during April-August 2026 were valued at $3.5856 billion, according to the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI).

Reliance accounted for 74.3% of these imports, equivalent to approximately $2.66 billion. The remaining purchases included:
– Indian Oil’s Paradip facility: $421.3 million, or 11.7%.
– Mundra storage terminals operated by HPCL and others: $405.8 million, or 11.3%.
– Nayara Energy’s Vadinar facility: $95 million, or 2.7%.
These figures show that a market for Venezuelan crude already exists in India, with Reliance accounting for the overwhelming share of purchases.

The question is how much further those imports can grow without weakening commercial returns or running into technical and logistical constraints.
5. Can Venezuelan oil replace Russian crude?
Not on a like-for-like basis, according to the analysis cited in the report.

Russian Urals crude differs from Venezuela’s Merey grade and is more compatible with India’s broader refining infrastructure. Replacing large Russian volumes with Venezuelan supplies would therefore involve more than changing the country listed on an import contract.

The scale of the existing Russian trade also matters.

India imported 1.9 million barrels per day of Russian crude in September 2026, accounting for more than 35% of its total oil imports that month, according to tanker data from Kpler cited in the report.

Russian imports had reached an all-time high of 2.8 million barrels per day in July, when they accounted for more than half of India’s oil imports.

Against those volumes, Venezuelan imports of around 200,000 barrels per day in September remained comparatively small.

Venezuelan crude can diversify India’s import basket, but the difference in volumes and refinery compatibility makes it an unlikely substitute for a substantial portion of Russian supplies in the near term.
6. Why could West Asian oil limit Venezuela’s opportunity?
Geography gives West Asian suppliers an important advantage in the Indian market.

Oil from Iraq and other regional producers can reach India’s west coast along shorter shipping routes than Venezuelan crude. As supplies from West Asia gradually return to the market, Indian refiners may have access to more competing grades at lower transportation costs.

A Venezuelan barrel must therefore compete not only with Russian oil but also with crude from geographically closer suppliers.

Even when Venezuelan crude is discounted, the final comparison depends on the delivered price, refinery compatibility, product yields, payment conditions and reliability of supply.

For Indian refiners, a shorter shipping route can be commercially significant because freight costs directly affect the cost of each imported barrel.

This competition could restrict further growth in Venezuelan imports even if Washington encourages India to buy more.
7. Is the US linking Venezuelan oil to India’s Russian oil purchases?
The two issues overlap strategically, but India has a strong reason to assess them separately.

Washington wants a larger market for Venezuelan crude while also pressing India to reduce its dependence on Russian oil. New Delhi, meanwhile, needs to maintain reliable supplies at competitive prices.

GTRI has argued that India should distinguish between increasing Venezuelan imports and reducing Russian purchases.

Analyst Natalia Katona also urged India to approach Washington’s proposal pragmatically, using it to diversify supplies without committing to cut Russian purchases.

The distinction matters because the commercial case for buying more Venezuelan oil is independent of whether India reduces its Russian imports. A purchase makes sense only if its price, quality, transportation costs and supply terms are competitive.

Washington’s own position on Russian energy has also shown flexibility in response to supply concerns. The report notes that the US waived potential tariffs of up to 100% on major buyers of Russian energy, including India, as it sought to prevent further pressure on global energy prices.

GTRI has called on Washington to explain why US energy needs can justify Russian purchases while India is expected to reduce its dependence on Russian supplies.
8. What should India demand before committing to more Venezuelan oil?
India can use Washington’s interest in its refining capacity to seek clear commercial terms rather than make commitments based primarily on geopolitical considerations.

Before increasing purchases substantially, Indian refiners would need to assess:
– Competitive pricing: Whether Venezuelan crude remains attractive after freight, insurance, financing and processing costs.
– Reliable supply: Whether production and export volumes can be sustained over the duration of a contract.
– Refinery compatibility: How much additional Merey crude each facility can process without costly adjustments.
– Shipping economics: Whether large-vessel transport and logistics can reduce the cost per barrel.
– Payment arrangements: Whether transactions can be completed on predictable and commercially acceptable terms.
– Long-term commitments: Whether any proposed investment or purchase obligation offers sufficient returns if market conditions change.
– Energy flexibility: Whether additional Venezuelan imports can coexist with India’s existing Russian and West Asian supply arrangements.
These considerations are particularly important because oil prices, freight rates and geopolitical restrictions can change faster than long-term procurement commitments.

India’s ability to diversify suppliers is an advantage only if diversification does not unnecessarily increase costs or create new supply vulnerabilities.
Refining capacity is not a blank cheque
Rubio’s pitch highlights India’s importance in the global oil market, but it also exposes the limits of using refining capacity as a geopolitical bargaining tool.

Reliance’s Jamnagar complex can process Venezuelan heavy crude, and India has already increased purchases substantially. Yet refinery compatibility, high shipping costs, competition from Russian supplies and the shorter routes from West Asia constrain the scope for further expansion.

The commercial calculation is more important than the diplomatic pitch. India can buy more Venezuelan oil if the economics justify it, but replacing Russian crude simply to meet a US preference would be a different proposition.

The central question for New Delhi is not whether it can refine Venezuelan oil. It is whether additional purchases offer better value, reliable supply and greater energy security than the alternatives.

Pentagon plans deep-cover intelligence network to target China’s economic interests: Report

The Pentagon is planning to expand its deep-cover espionage capabilities as the Trump administration intensifies its economic competition with China and other strategic rivals, The Washington Post reported on Wednesday, October 21, citing six people familiar with the initiative.

The proposed programme would deploy US intelligence operatives known as nonofficial cover officers (NOCs), who would pose as businesspeople or other private-sector personnel without disclosing their government affiliations. The initiative is intended to provide a clandestine intelligence component to Washington’s broader economic warfare strategy, according to the report.

However, the reported programme remains at the planning stage and is not operational, according to people familiar with the effort. The Pentagon has also disputed the report, creating a significant gap between the account provided by the newspaper’s sources and the department’s official position.

The initiative reflects a wider shift in US national security policy towards treating economic intelligence, strategic resources and technological competition as critical elements of the rivalry with Beijing.

CIA veteran reportedly overseeing covert intelligence plans

Tom Rakusan, a former senior CIA operations official who retired from the agency in 2021, is overseeing the reported planning effort as a senior adviser to Deputy Defense Secretary Steve Feinberg, The Washington Post reported.

Rakusan previously served as the CIA’s deputy director of operations, a senior position overseeing clandestine intelligence activities. He subsequently joined Cerberus Capital Management, the private equity firm co-founded by Feinberg, before following him to the Pentagon in 2025.

The planning effort reportedly involves experts from military service branches, the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, and former CIA officials.

The programme’s organisational structure has not been finalised. It could become a separate deep-cover unit or expand the Pentagon’s existing capabilities for clandestine human intelligence collection, according to the report.

Nonofficial cover officers operate without the overt diplomatic or official credentials that can identify an intelligence operative as a government representative. Operating under civilian identities can provide access to commercial environments and networks, but it also exposes operatives to significant personal and operational risks if their identities are discovered.

The reported initiative would bring the Pentagon further into an area traditionally associated with the CIA, potentially raising questions about institutional responsibilities, intelligence oversight and coordination between US agencies.

The Washington Post reported that congressional committees did not appear to have been briefed on the initiative.

Economic warfare expands beyond tariffs and export controls

The proposed intelligence programme would complement the Trump administration’s broader use of economic instruments in its strategic competition with China. These include tariffs, export restrictions, investments in critical technologies and resources, and efforts to strengthen the US defence-industrial base.

Feinberg has also established an Economic Defense Unit within the Pentagon to pursue economic measures against strategic competitors. The unit’s stated objectives include deterring, denying and disrupting adversaries through economic means.

The reported deep-cover initiative would represent a more clandestine dimension of that strategy, potentially expanding intelligence collection related to foreign commercial interests and strategic economic capabilities.

However, the Pentagon has rejected the newspaper’s account. Deputy press secretary Jacob Bliss said in a statement to The Washington Post: “This query appears to be based on information that is simply not true.”

The newspaper reported that the CIA declined to comment, while Rakusan did not respond to a request for comment.

The conflicting accounts leave key questions unresolved, including whether the proposed programme will proceed, how it would be supervised and what legal and congressional oversight arrangements would apply.

For now, the reported initiative illustrates the growing intersection of economic policy and national security in US strategic planning, but it should not be treated as an established or operational espionage programme.

FAQs

  1. What is the Pentagon’s reported deep-cover spy program?

It is a proposed intelligence initiative that would use operatives posing as businesspeople or other private-sector personnel to support US economic and strategic competition with China and other rivals.

  1. What are nonofficial cover officers?

Nonofficial cover officers, or NOCs, are intelligence operatives who conceal their government affiliations and operate under civilian identities rather than overt official or diplomatic cover.

  1. Is the reported programme operational?

No. According to sources cited by The Washington Post, the initiative remains in the planning phase. The Pentagon has denied that the reported initiative is under way.

  1. Who is reportedly overseeing the planning?

Tom Rakusan, a former senior CIA operations official and current adviser to Deputy Defense Secretary Steve Feinberg, is reportedly overseeing the planning effort.

  1. Why is the Pentagon considering economic intelligence operations?

The reported initiative forms part of a broader strategy that treats economic competition, critical technologies, strategic resources and intelligence collection as elements of national security.

  1. Has the US Defence Department confirmed the program?

No. The Pentagon has disputed the report, with deputy press secretary Jacob Bliss saying the claims were based on information that was not true.

Tibet earthquake Leaves 16 killed, 54 injured; Rescue teams rush to spot

A powerful magnitude-7.0 earthquake struck China’s Tibet region late Thursday, October 22, killing at least 16 people and injuring 54 others, as rescue teams searched damaged buildings and authorities rushed emergency supplies to the affected communities.

The earthquake struck Baqen County in Nagqu City at 10:33 p.m. local time, according to Chinese authorities. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) placed the epicentre about 191 kilometres east-northeast of Nagqu, at a depth of 18 kilometres. China’s earthquake monitoring agency measured the quake at a depth of 10 kilometres.

The affected area is sparsely populated and lies at an average altitude of about 4,800 metres, complicating emergency response efforts. Nagqu is located more than 300 kilometres north of Lhasa, the Tibetan regional capital. “Checks are under way in villages across the township,” Lhawang Dagpo, deputy head of Maru Township, said, according to Xinhua.

The death toll and extent of the damage were still being assessed on Friday, October 23, while emergency personnel continued rescue, evacuation and relief operations.

Hundreds of homes damaged as rescue teams mobilise

The earthquake caused at least 339 homes to collapse or sustain damage and affected 20 livestock sheds, according to local authorities cited by Chinese state media. Eleven of the injured were reported to be in serious condition, while 35 sustained minor injuries in the initial casualty assessment.

More than 1,600 personnel from the affected county were deployed for rescue and relief work. Regional fire and rescue authorities also sent additional rescuers, fire engines, search dogs and equipment to the disaster zone.

Emergency supplies included 1,000 prefabricated housing units, more than 3,200 tents and over 2,800 folding beds, alongside quilts, stoves, clothing and other essentials. The supplies were intended to help residents whose homes were damaged or who could not safely return to their houses.

China activated emergency response mechanisms at regional and national levels. The regional government initiated a Level-II earthquake disaster response, while the national earthquake relief authorities and the Ministry of Emergency Management activated a Level-IV response and dispatched a team to assist local officials.

Chinese President Xi Jinping called for maximum efforts in rescue operations and medical assistance, according to reports by state media.

Railway disruption, road closures complicate relief efforts

The earthquake disrupted transport and communications in parts of the affected region. Railway authorities temporarily halted trains on sections of the Qinghai-Xizang Railway while inspecting tracks and equipment. Some trains were delayed as officials assessed potential damage.

Rockfalls also forced the closure of part of National Highway 317, with access restricted to emergency, rescue and official support vehicles while crews worked to clear debris. Communications were reported to be down in some affected areas, creating additional challenges for rescue coordination and damage assessments.

A hotel owner identified only by the surname Wang described the experience to China News Service, “The whole building was shaking.” Wang said plates and bowls were falling in a friend’s restaurant. He and his guests went downstairs after the shaking eased. No one at his hotel was injured, the report said.

The USGS recorded several aftershocks following the main earthquake, including tremors measuring between magnitude 4.3 and 5.2. Authorities continued monitoring seismic activity as rescue operations proceeded.

Weather conditions could further complicate the response. Chinese state media reported that intermittent snowfall was expected in the earthquake-hit area over the following three days, raising concerns about conditions for residents and emergency workers in the high-altitude region.

The earthquake is the strongest reported in the region in five years, according to China’s state broadcaster CCTV. The disaster comes less than two years after a magnitude-6.8 earthquake struck Dingri County in Tibet’s Xigaze region on January 7, 2025, killing 126 people.

Authorities are continuing to verify casualties, assess structural damage and provide emergency assistance as the rescue effort develops.

 

FAQs

1. Where did the October 2026 earthquake strike?

The earthquake struck Baqen County in Nagqu City in China’s Tibet region at 10:33 p.m. local time on October 22.

2. How many people were killed or injured?

At least 16 people were killed and 46 injured, according to the initial casualty figures reported by local authorities on October 23.

3. How strong was the earthquake?

The earthquake measured magnitude 7.0 according to Chinese monitoring authorities. The USGS also reported a magnitude-7.0 earthquake but estimated its depth at 18 kilometres, compared with the 10-kilometre depth reported by China’s monitoring agency.

4. What damage did the earthquake cause?

Local authorities reported that 339 homes had collapsed or sustained damage and 20 livestock sheds were affected. Transport and communications were also disrupted in parts of the region.

5. What is China doing to help earthquake victims?

Authorities deployed rescue personnel and emergency equipment, supplied temporary housing, tents, beds and other essential items, and activated regional and national disaster-response mechanisms.

6. Could weather conditions affect rescue operations?

Yes. Forecast snowfall in the high-altitude region could complicate access, evacuation and the delivery of relief supplies.

Shamonda Virus: First Human Case Raises Questions After Death in France, WHO Steps In

France has reported the first documented human infection with Shamonda virus, an animal-associated pathogen previously not known to infect humans. The patient, who had a severely weakened immune system and was receiving treatment for a serious illness in Lyon, died in early October, French authorities said on October 22.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is working with French officials to establish how the infection occurred, whether the virus contributed to the patient’s death and what the discovery means for public health.

The case is exceptional because Shamonda virus had circulated among animals for decades without a documented human infection. French authorities believe the patient may have contracted it through the bite of an infected Culicoides midge, a small insect that transmits the virus among animals. The investigation is continuing, and the precise route of infection has not been conclusively established.

Despite the death, French authorities said no health risk to the general population had been identified based on current knowledge. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is also monitoring the case and working with national authorities to assess its implications.

What Is Shamonda Virus and How Does It Spread?

Shamonda virus belongs to the Orthobunyavirus genus, a group of viruses that includes pathogens affecting both animals and humans. It was first identified in Nigeria in the mid-1960s and has since been reported sporadically among cattle in parts of Africa and Japan.

The virus primarily affects livestock, particularly cattle. Sheep, goats and horses can also be infected. In animals, infections may be associated with fever, diarrhoea, lethargy and reduced milk production. Reproductive complications have also been reported or are being investigated in affected livestock.

Transmission is believed to occur mainly through bites from infected Culicoides midges. These small, biting insects act as vectors, carrying the virus between susceptible animals. The same general type of insect transmits other livestock-associated viruses.

Shamonda virus was detected in European livestock for the first time in 2026, including on cattle farms in France. Its emergence prompted investigations into its spread and effects on animal health.

Before the French human case, there had been no documented evidence that Shamonda virus could infect people. Researchers had considered it an animal-associated virus without established human transmission.

The discovery changes what scientists know about the virus, but it does not establish that human infections are common or that the pathogen can spread readily among people. One documented case is insufficient to determine how frequently such infections might occur or which factors make a person susceptible.

Why Did the Patient Die, and Is There a Risk to Humans?

The patient’s severely compromised immune system is an important part of the investigation. People with weakened immune systems can be more vulnerable to certain infections and may face a higher risk of severe complications. However, the available evidence does not establish that immunosuppression alone explains why this patient became infected.

French authorities said the patient had been treated for a serious underlying illness at the Hospices Civils de Lyon. Investigations into the clinical course, laboratory findings and circumstances of exposure are ongoing. The ECDC has said officials are examining whether Shamonda virus caused or contributed to the death.

The suspected route of infection is a bite from an infected midge in eastern France, where the virus was circulating among animals during the spring and summer of 2026. Establishing that route will be important for understanding whether the infection resulted from an unusual exposure or whether other transmission pathways need to be considered.

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said the agency was in contact with French authorities to gather information about the source of the infection, possible transmission routes and potential public health implications. “The French patient was in an area where the Shamonda virus was circulating in animals and where Culicoides midges were also present,” the WHO Director-General said.

The investigation needs to answer several questions: whether the virus can infect humans under particular circumstances, whether the patient’s underlying illness or immune status increased susceptibility, and whether any additional human infections have gone undetected.

For now, there is no evidence from this single case to suggest sustained human-to-human transmission. French authorities have said no risk to the general population has been identified based on current knowledge. That assessment could be updated as investigators obtain more evidence.

The immediate priority is to determine how the infection occurred and whether the virus poses a broader threat beyond its established presence in livestock. The case also highlights the importance of monitoring diseases at the intersection of human, animal and environmental health, particularly when a pathogen appears in a new region or is detected in a previously unrecognised host.

How can CEC Gyanesh Kumar be removed? The parliamentary process, legal hurdles and what happens next

Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla has said Parliament will follow the prescribed procedure if the Opposition submits a fresh motion seeking the removal of Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar. His statement brings the focus back to a constitutional process that is far more demanding than an ordinary parliamentary vote.

Under Article 324(5) of the Constitution, the CEC can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Supreme Court judge. The relevant grounds are proved misbehaviour or incapacity. The procedure is governed by the constitutional framework and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

The Opposition’s campaign against Kumar centres on allegations concerning the Election Commission’s handling of the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls and reported objections raised by Election Commissioners Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi over aspects of the Commission’s decisions.

However, allegations, political demands and the submission of a removal notice do not establish that the constitutional grounds for removal have been met. The charges would have to undergo the prescribed scrutiny and inquiry before Parliament could consider the final removal address.

Birla’s October 22 statement does not indicate whether a new notice has been admitted or whether the allegations satisfy the legal threshold. It means that any fresh notice will be dealt with under the applicable rules. <Cite refs={[“turn356701search1″,”turn356701search2”]}/>

Step 1: How a removal motion begins

The first requirement is a formal notice of a motion seeking the CEC’s removal on grounds of misbehaviour or incapacity.

Under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, the notice must be signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha. The motion may be initiated in either House. Meeting the signature threshold does not automatically trigger an inquiry or guarantee that the motion will be admitted.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha examines the notice and may consult relevant persons and consider available material before deciding whether to admit or reject it.

This is the first major hurdle for the Opposition. A notice must meet the applicable procedural requirements, and its allegations must be considered within the legal framework for removal. The presiding officer’s decision determines whether the process proceeds to the next stage.

Birla has said he will examine any fresh notice according to parliamentary rules. He has not committed to admitting a motion against Kumar.

Step 2: What happens if the motion is admitted?

If a motion is admitted, an inquiry committee is constituted to investigate the grounds cited for removal. The committee has three members:

  • A Supreme Court judge, selected from among the judges of the Supreme Court.
  • A Chief Justice of a High Court.
  • A distinguished jurist.

The committee examines the allegations and evidence under the Judges (Inquiry) Act. The procedure gives the person facing the charges an opportunity to respond to the case.

The inquiry is a crucial stage because the constitutional standard is not simply whether MPs have lost confidence in the CEC. The issue is whether the grounds of misbehaviour or incapacity are established through the prescribed process.

If the committee finds that the charges have not been proved, the removal proceedings cannot advance on the basis of those charges. If it finds the charges proved, the motion proceeds for parliamentary consideration under the statutory framework.

Admission, therefore, is not equivalent to a finding of wrongdoing, and an inquiry does not itself remove the CEC.

Step 3: The two-House test that determines removal

Even if an inquiry committee establishes the charges, removal is not automatic. Both Houses of Parliament must pass an address seeking removal, with each House meeting the special-majority requirements laid down in Article 124(4) of the Constitution.

Each House must approve the address with:

  • A majority of its total membership.
  • A majority of at least two-thirds of the members present and voting.

Both Houses must pass the address during the same session of Parliament. The address is then presented to the President, who issues the removal order in accordance with the constitutional process.

The requirement is more demanding than winning a simple majority among MPs who happen to vote. A motion must satisfy both the majority of the House’s total membership and the two-thirds threshold among members present and voting.

The Opposition would therefore need to navigate several separate stages: secure the required signatures, obtain admission of the motion, establish the charges through an inquiry and secure the required majorities in both Houses.

A political alliance may have sufficient numbers to submit a notice without necessarily having the votes required to complete the process. Conversely, the strength of the allegations cannot be determined solely by counting the MPs supporting the motion.

What can happen next in the Gyanesh Kumar case?

The immediate question is whether the Opposition submits a fresh notice and whether the relevant presiding officer admits it.

If the notice is rejected, the proposed proceedings would not advance through that notice. If it is admitted, the statutory inquiry process would follow. A finding that the charges are not proved would prevent the proceedings from advancing on those charges; a finding that they are proved would bring the motion to the parliamentary stage, where both Houses would still need to meet the special-majority requirements.

The political controversy concerns the Election Commission’s handling of electoral-roll revision and reported differences within the institution. The legal question is narrower: whether the specific allegations establish misbehaviour or incapacity under the constitutional removal standard.

The reported objections by other Election Commissioners may form part of the material cited by the Opposition, but internal disagreement alone does not establish a ground for removal. The evidence, the nature of the alleged conduct and the findings of the prescribed inquiry would matter.

There is also an important distinction between a demand for resignation and constitutional removal. Kumar could leave office through resignation, but a parliamentary removal motion is a separate process with its own requirements. The CEC cannot be removed by an ordinary executive order or a simple vote expressing political disapproval.

The procedure is designed to protect the independence of the office while allowing removal where the constitutionally specified grounds are established. It places the burden on the process to move beyond political allegations and establish the case through formal scrutiny.

For now, Birla’s statement signals no outcome on Kumar’s tenure. The next decisive developments will be the filing and admissibility of any fresh notice, the evidence placed before an inquiry committee if one is constituted, and the parliamentary numbers if the case reaches a final vote.

FAQs

1. Can the Chief Election Commissioner be impeached?

The CEC can be removed through a special constitutional procedure modelled on the removal process for a Supreme Court judge. The Constitution uses the framework of removal on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

2. How many MPs are needed to initiate the motion?

The notice must have the signatures of at least 100 Lok Sabha members or 50 Rajya Sabha members. Meeting this threshold does not guarantee admission.

3. Who decides whether the motion is admitted?

The Lok Sabha Speaker or the Rajya Sabha Chairman considers the notice and decides whether to admit or reject it under the applicable law and procedure.

4. Who investigates the charges if the motion is admitted?

A three-member committee comprising a Supreme Court judge, a High Court Chief Justice and a distinguished jurist investigates the allegations.

5. What majority is required to remove the CEC?

Each House must pass the removal address with a majority of its total membership and at least a two-thirds majority of members present and voting. Both Houses must pass it in the same session.

6. Does admitting the motion mean Gyanesh Kumar will be removed?

No. Admission leads to an inquiry. The charges must be proved, and both Houses must subsequently pass the removal address with the required majorities.

7. What has Om Birla said about the fresh motion?

On October 22, 2026, Birla said any fresh notice would be examined according to the prescribed parliamentary rules and procedures. He did not announce that a new motion had been admitted.

8. Has any Chief Election Commissioner been removed through this process?

No Chief Election Commissioner has previously been removed through this constitutional procedure. The outcome of any future attempt would depend on the applicable process and the evidence considered.

Electronic Nose Technology Could Help Validate Police Detection Dogs’ Training

An electronic nose designed to analyse odours could help police assess the training and performance of human-remains detection dogs, according to a pilot study by researchers at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS). The technology, known as NOS.E, was tested alongside police dogs to investigate whether it could detect buried human remains and help confirm the signals produced by the animals.

The study, published in PLOS One, examined a clandestine burial site in a long-term missing-person scenario involving human remains that had been buried for more than three months. While the dogs independently searched the site, the electronic nose sampled odours from the burial location and surrounding control areas.

Dr Amber O. Brown, the study’s lead author, who completed her PhD at UTS, said human-remains detection dogs are among the most effective tools for locating buried bodies. However, researchers still have limited knowledge of the specific chemical compounds that trigger their responses.

“This study tested whether an electronic nose could detect buried human remains and help confirm alerts made by human-remains detection dogs,” she said. “NOS.E allows us to take technology developed in the laboratory into the field, while giving law enforcement an objective way to assess whether dog training is working.”

Developed through collaboration between forensic science and engineering researchers at UTS, NOS.E is intended to provide measurable information about the chemical signals associated with decomposition. The researchers hope that combining this information with canine searches could help trainers better understand what detection dogs are identifying.

Analysing Decomposition Odours to Improve Dog Training

Training human-remains detection dogs presents a particular challenge because the smell of decomposing remains changes over time. According to Dr Brown, decomposition progresses through five distinct stages, each producing different odours at varying concentrations.

“That makes training much more complicated than teaching a dog to detect a relatively stable substance,” she said. “By tracking those chemical changes in real time, we may be able to identify whether dogs need more training on the earlier or later stages of decomposition.

“For younger dogs in particular, the technology could help trainers determine whether a dog is genuinely responding to decomposition odour or being influenced by another cue.”

An electronic nose could help address this uncertainty by identifying chemical patterns in the environment and showing whether decomposition-related odours are present, including in locations where a dog does not alert.

Associate Professor Maiken Ueland, director of the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER), said that although cadaver detection dogs are valuable forensic tools, their training involves unresolved questions about scent recognition.

“We don’t know exactly what they are smelling – whether it’s a single compound or a combination of compounds,” she said. “The electronic nose can provide greater certainty during training by showing whether decomposition odour is present in an area, including when a dog does not alert.”

The technology could therefore help trainers compare dogs’ responses with chemical measurements, potentially identifying gaps in training and improving understanding of how detection performance changes as remains decompose.

However, the researchers envisage NOS.E as a complementary tool rather than a substitute for trained dogs.

“Dogs have a superior sense of smell and can search an area rapidly, while the technology can tell us more about the chemicals being detected,” said Associate Professor Ueland. “The electronic nose can act as a bridge between the extraordinary scent picture available to a dog and the chemical signals that humans can measure and understand.

“In mass disasters or other hazardous environments, it may be too dangerous to send in people or dogs. The electronic nose could offer another option for searching those areas safely.”

Potential Applications in Forensic Investigations

Beyond supporting dog-training programmes, electronic nose technology could eventually contribute to forensic searches in difficult or hazardous environments. Chemical analysis may help investigators identify areas requiring further examination, while offering an additional source of information alongside canine detection.

The researchers also highlighted the importance of collaboration between academic institutions and law enforcement. Associate Professor Ueland said police identified the potential for the electronic nose to be used as a dog-training tool, an application the research team had not originally considered.

“Police identified the electronic nose’s potential as a dog-training tool – an application we hadn’t originally considered,” she said.

The current research remains a pilot study, and further investigation will be necessary to establish how reliably the technology can detect decomposition odours under different conditions. The team plans to expand the work through a larger, longer-term study involving more donors, additional dogs and repeated visits to research sites.

“Our next step is to expand this pilot into a larger, longer-term study involving multiple donors, more dogs and repeated site visits,” said Associate Professor Ueland. “The challenge will be maintaining rigorous controls, so dogs and handlers don’t become familiar with the site or receive unintended clues.”


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Jackie Sherrill to Receive 2027 Paul ‘Bear’ Bryant Lifetime Achievement Award

Jackie Sherrill, one of the most accomplished coaches in college football, has been selected to receive the American Heart Association’s 2027 Paul “Bear” Bryant Lifetime Achievement Award, presented by HFG Wealth Management. The announcement was made in Houston on October 20, 2026, recognising Sherrill’s decades-long career and his contributions to the development of players and the sport.

The award honours coaches for their achievements both on and off the football field. It also supports the American Heart Association’s mission to improve cardiovascular health, advance lifesaving research and raise awareness about heart disease.

The association presents the Bear Bryant Awards annually to celebrate excellence in coaching and honour the legacy of Paul “Bear” Bryant, the legendary coach who died from a heart attack in 1983, just 28 days after his final victory and retirement. Since their inception, the awards have brought together members of the football community to support the association’s work.

“Coach Sherrill’s impact on college football spans generations and extends far beyond wins and championships,” said Nancy Brown, chief executive officer of the American Heart Association. “Through his leadership, commitment to excellence and dedication to developing young people, he exemplifies the values that defined coach Bryant’s remarkable legacy and continue to inspire others today. We are honored to recognize coach Sherrill’s lasting impact on the game and the people he helped shape throughout his career.”

Now in its 28th year, the Lifetime Achievement Award is selected through voting by the National Sports Media Association. Its criteria, established by the Bryant family, include integrity, leadership, dedication to developing young people and excellence in teaching football.

From Alabama Player to Accomplished College Football Coach

Sherrill’s connection to Bryant began during his playing career. Born in Duncan, Oklahoma, Sherrill played for Bryant at the University of Alabama from 1962 to 1965, helping the Crimson Tide win two national championships. He later returned to work as a graduate assistant under Bryant before beginning a coaching career that would span more than three decades.

Across 27 seasons as a head coach at Washington State, Pittsburgh, Texas A&M and Mississippi State, Sherrill recorded 180 wins, 120 losses and four ties.

His national profile grew during his tenure at the University of Pittsburgh, where he succeeded Johnny Majors. Between 1977 and 1981, Sherrill led the Panthers to a 50-9-1 record and five consecutive top-10 national finishes. His programme also helped develop future Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino.

Sherrill’s coaching staff at Pittsburgh included Jimmy Johnson, who later won national championships, and Dave Wannstedt, who went on to become an NFL head coach.

In 1982, Sherrill moved to Texas A&M, where he built the Aggies into a major force in the Southwest Conference (SWC). The team won three consecutive SWC championships from 1985 to 1987, and Sherrill earned three consecutive SWC Coach of the Year honours during that period.

He also established the university’s renowned “12th Man Kickoff Team” tradition, which remains part of Aggie football culture.

Sherrill joined Mississippi State in 1991 and took charge of a programme that had not recorded a winning season since 1986. During his tenure, he guided the Bulldogs to six bowl appearances, an SEC Western Division title in 1998 and a top-15 national finish in 1999. His 75 victories remain the most recorded by any head coach in Mississippi State history.

Sherrill Reflects on Bryant’s Influence and Award Recognition

Sherrill said receiving an award named after his former coach held particular significance because of Bryant’s influence on his life and career.

“Receiving an award that bears Coach Bryant’s name is truly special,” said Sherrill. “Coach Bryant shaped my life as a player, a coach and a person. I’ve always believed that success is measured by the people you help develop and the relationships you build along the way. I’m deeply honored and humbled by this recognition.”

The Lifetime Achievement Award is one of five honours presented during the annual Paul “Bear” Bryant Awards ceremony. The 41st ceremony is scheduled for Wednesday, January 27, 2027, in Houston, Texas, and will be broadcast on CBS Sports Network.

The event is presented by Memorial Hermann Health System. Bruce Arians has already been announced as the recipient of the Heart of a Champion Award. The ceremony will also recognise the Fan Favorite, Newcomer Coach of the Year and 2026 Paul “Bear” Bryant National Coach of the Year. Beyond celebrating coaching achievements, the awards help raise funds and awareness for the American Heart Association’s efforts to advance lifesaving research and improve cardiovascular health.


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eMudhra exits global security certificate business after cryptographic flaw rattles internet trust

Bengaluru-based digital identity and cybersecurity company eMudhra has decided to withdraw from the global website-security certificate business after a cryptographic flaw exposed a fundamental weakness in eight intermediate certificates used within its international operations, triggering action by major browser providers and an investigation by Indian authorities.

The decision, announced on October 22, follows a security incident that raised concerns about the integrity of the digital certificates underpinning trust across the internet. Google, Mozilla, Apple and Microsoft moved to block the affected certificates after an independent cybersecurity researcher identified the vulnerability.

The flaw originated in a key-generation process conducted on April 30, 2025. According to eMudhra, an error during a cryptographic key-generation ceremony produced a second set of weak private keys alongside the intended strong keys. The weak keys were subsequently published to browser trust stores.

The incident matters because SSL/TLS certificates help browsers verify website identities and establish encrypted connections between users and servers. If attackers can recover a certificate authority’s private key, they may be able to create fraudulent certificates, impersonate legitimate websites or make malicious software appear to originate from a trusted publisher.

eMudhra said its infrastructure had not been compromised and no data had been breached. It also said the affected intermediate certificates had not been used to issue certificates to individual websites or end users. The extent of any actual exploitation was not established in the initial disclosures.

“We do have to solve for reputation in the short to medium term, which is what we are working on by actively reaching out to customers, and trying to explain to them that if this incident is something that can happen to us, it can happen to anybody,” Kaushik Srinivasan, co-founder, eMudhra, told The Indian Express. 

When asked if the reputational fallout could extend to its dealings with Indian government clients, Srinivasan replied, “I don’t think so. Advisories from the government have also come based on questions posed to us that there was no impact on the ecosystem.”

The company described its decision to exit the global business as voluntary, citing rising compliance requirements, operational complexity and costs. It also criticised what it called disproportionate scrutiny amplified by social media following the incident.

The withdrawal marks a significant setback for an Indian company operating in the international digital-trust market, even as eMudhra maintains that its domestic digital-signature and electronic-signing operations remain unaffected.

Weak cryptographic keys trigger global browser response

The incident centres on the generation of eight intermediate certificates within eMudhra’s global public-key infrastructure. Such certificates allow trusted certificate authorities to issue further certificates used to establish the authenticity of websites and digitally signed software.

The problem was not initially described as a conventional intrusion into company systems. Instead, eMudhra attributed the vulnerability to an error during the key-generation process, which resulted in weak cryptographic keys being published alongside the intended security credentials.

The distinction is important. A certificate authority’s security depends not only on protecting its infrastructure but also on generating sufficiently unpredictable private keys. If those keys can be recovered or guessed, the trust placed in certificates issued under them can be undermined even without a conventional network breach.

An independent researcher reported the weakness to major browser trust programmes. Google, Mozilla, Apple and Microsoft subsequently took steps to block the affected certificates within their respective trust systems.

The potential consequences of such a flaw extend beyond a single company’s operations. Fraudulent certificates can, in principle, enable impersonation of legitimate websites or undermine confidence in digitally signed software. These are potential attack scenarios, however, and should not be confused with evidence that such attacks actually occurred in this incident.

The company said it revoked all eight affected intermediate certificates and was working with customers to provide replacement certificates where necessary. It also said it was investigating the root cause of the key-generation error.

India’s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) issued an advisory concerning the incident, while the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology constituted a special team to investigate the security lapse.

The investigation will be important in establishing how the weak keys were generated, why they entered browser trust stores and whether existing safeguards and audits should have detected the problem earlier.

Indian digital-signature services remain separate from global business

eMudhra has stressed that the incident does not affect its Indian Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) and eSign services, which operate on infrastructure separate from the global SSL/TLS business.

The distinction matters for Indian users and organisations that rely on digital signatures for electronic documents, business transactions and government-related services. A company’s participation in the global browser-trust ecosystem is separate from its domestic role in providing regulated digital-signature services.

The company said its global TLS business contributes approximately 1% of its revenue, limiting the direct financial significance of the division relative to its wider operations. However, it acknowledged that the reputational consequences of the incident could not yet be quantified.

The market reaction has nevertheless been severe. Reuters reported that eMudhra’s shares fell around 40% over two trading sessions following the disclosure of the vulnerability.

The episode also highlights the importance of independent oversight in digital-security infrastructure. Certificate authorities occupy a critical position in the internet’s trust system, and their security practices can affect users and organisations far beyond their immediate customer base.

The key questions now concern the investigation’s findings, the effectiveness of the safeguards surrounding certificate generation, and the measures required to prevent similar failures. The incident also places renewed scrutiny on how audits assess the actual security of cryptographic processes rather than merely confirming that procedures exist.

For eMudhra, exiting the global certificate business may limit its exposure to the immediate problem, but it does not eliminate the need to establish precisely how the flaw occurred and whether the response adequately addressed the risks.

For the wider internet, the episode serves as a reminder that encrypted connections depend on a chain of trust involving certificate authorities, browser providers, software vendors and security researchers. A weakness at one point in that chain can prompt a global response, even when the company involved says its wider infrastructure and data remain secure.

FAQs

1. Why is eMudhra exiting its global certificate business?

The company announced a voluntary withdrawal after a cryptographic key-generation flaw affected eight intermediate certificates. It also cited rising compliance demands, operational complexity and costs.

2. What went wrong with eMudhra’s security certificates?

A flaw during a key-generation ceremony on April 30, 2025, produced weak private keys alongside the intended strong keys. The weak keys were published to browser trust stores.

3. Which companies blocked the affected certificates?

Google, Mozilla, Apple and Microsoft moved to block the affected certificates within their respective browser and technology trust systems.

4. Were users’ personal data or eMudhra’s systems breached?

eMudhra said its infrastructure was not compromised and no data was breached. The company also said the affected intermediate certificates had not issued certificates to individual websites or end users. The initial disclosures did not establish actual exploitation.

5. Are eMudhra’s Indian digital-signature and eSign services affected?

The company says its Indian DSC and eSign services remain unaffected because they operate on infrastructure separate from its global TLS business.

6. What role is the Indian government playing?

CERT-In issued an advisory, and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology constituted a special team to investigate the incident.

7. How much revenue does the global certificate business contribute?

eMudhra said the global TLS business accounts for approximately 1% of its revenue. It warned that the reputational impact could not yet be quantified.

Women Scientists Largely Missing From UK School Science Exam Specifications, Study Finds

Women scientists and their contributions are largely missing from compulsory science learning materials used by UK school examination boards, according to new research from the University of Cambridge. The study found that just one woman appeared among 86 scientists mentioned in Key Stage 4 (KS4) science specifications, which cover GCSE-level and equivalent qualifications.

The research, published in the British Educational Research Journal, analysed specifications from the UK’s six main examination boards across biology, chemistry, environmental science, geology, physics and astronomy. Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray crystallography research contributed to the discovery of DNA’s double-helix structure, was the only woman identified in the KS4 materials. Even her contribution appeared in just one specification.

The researchers, Dr Greg J Cooke, Skyla B White and Stephanie Buttigieg, collaborated with the IncludeHer movement to examine how women’s scientific achievements are represented in school curricula. They found that several important discoveries included in compulsory learning materials were made by women, yet their names and contributions were not explicitly acknowledged in the specifications.

The team argues that relatively small changes to existing curricula could address these omissions without requiring substantial restructuring of the science syllabus. Including the achievements of women scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, could help students understand the history of scientific discovery and encourage more girls to pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects.

Gender Gap in Advanced Science Subjects Raises Concerns

The researchers identified a potential relationship between the gender representation of scientists in compulsory learning materials and the subjects students choose to study at higher levels.

Although girls typically outperform boys in most STEM subjects at KS4, boys are significantly more likely to choose physics, mathematics and further mathematics at Key Stage 5 (KS5), which covers A-level and equivalent qualifications. The proportion of girls opting for mathematics and further mathematics is now lower than it was in 2005.

The study found a “compelling” correlation between the gender representation of scientists encountered by students at KS4 and the STEM subjects girls subsequently choose at KS5. The researchers suggest that the transition between these educational stages may be a critical point for retaining girls in science.

Physics specifications at KS4 were found to contain a particularly strong concentration of male scientists. The researchers suggest that this lack of representation could be one factor influencing the considerably lower proportion of girls who continue studying physics at KS5 compared with boys.

Biology and chemistry, which are slightly more popular among girls than boys at KS5, showed a different pattern. Their KS4 specifications contained fewer references to individual scientists overall.

The team acknowledges that women’s under-representation in STEM careers results from multiple, complex factors. However, the researchers argue that increasing the visibility of women scientists in school materials could help challenge stereotypes about who can succeed in science.

Research on relatable STEM role models has indicated that seeing people with whom students can identify can strengthen their sense of belonging in science and encourage positive attitudes towards scientific careers. The Cambridge team believes that making women’s achievements part of compulsory learning could help more girls envisage a future in STEM.

Dr Greg J Cooke said: “The women we recommend for the updated science specifications have helped shape the modern world. It is important that students understand the iterative history of science and the context behind these discoveries to frame their knowledge when assessing the bigger picture: How did Susan Solomon help save the ozone layer? How did Lise Meitner’s work eventually lead to the dawn of the nuclear age? It is long overdue that we teach these inspiring stories about women.”

Researchers Recommend Including More Women Scientists

The Cambridge researchers identified specific opportunities to incorporate women scientists’ contributions into existing examination specifications.

For KS4 biology, they recommend including Rosalind Franklin in every specification, rather than limiting references to her work to a single one.

In chemistry, they suggest introducing Marie Skłodowska-Curie during lessons on atomic structure and isotopes. Curie won two Nobel Prizes, discovered polonium and radium, and coined the term “radioactivity”.

For physics, the researchers recommend including Lise Meitner, a nuclear physicist who contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission and provided the first theoretical explanation of the process. Despite her contribution, she was controversially excluded from a Nobel Prize.

The study also examined KS5 examination specifications and found that only three of the 181 scientists mentioned were women: Rosalind Franklin, geologist Marie Tharp and seismologist Inge Lehmann.

The researchers recommend including Dorothy Hodgkin’s work in KS5 biology lessons on protein structure. Hodgkin won a Nobel Prize for using X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of important biological molecules, including insulin.

They also highlighted the omission of Annie Jump Cannon, whose work contributed to the development of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, a tool taught in school science despite her name not appearing in the specifications.

Skyla B White said: “Despite years of effort to achieve gender parity in science, it is disappointing that students in the UK can complete their science education without learning the names of the women behind the scientific discoveries they study. This matters because it is at this stage, when students begin to choose which subjects to pursue further, that the gender divide grows. It’s fantastic that students learn about the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, for example, but it was built on the work of Annie Jump Cannon, who is not mentioned. You can’t tell one story without the other.”

Stephanie Buttigieg said: “Research has shown that relatable role models can help keep more girls in STEM by strengthening their sense of belonging in science and fostering positive attitudes towards scientific careers. When school science specifications leave out women’s names, they miss a real opportunity to help girls see a future for themselves in science and continue to reinforce the harmful stereotype that science is mainly for men.”


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Bhopal family’s 109-year wait for British war loan of ₹35,000 remains unpaid, UK denies obligation

A piece of paper dated June 4, 1917, has become the centre of a family’s search for answers spanning more than a century. It records an investment of ₹35,000 by Seth Jumma Lal Ruthia, a merchant in the princely state of Bhopal, in an Indian War Loan issued during British rule.

The investment was made during the First World War, when the British administration raised money from the public to finance military expenditure. More than 109 years later, the Ruthia family says it has yet to receive a clear account of what happened to the money.

The family’s claim has now encountered a fresh hurdle. The United Kingdom’s Debt Management Office (DMO), responding to an inquiry from the family’s legal counsel, said it could find no evidence that the loan was or is an obligation of the British government.

The email, dated October 16, 2026, did not say whether the investment had been repaid. That omission has left the family pursuing the same fundamental question: if the money was settled, when and how did that happen?

For the descendants, the dispute is about more than the possible value of an old financial instrument. It is also about the meaning of a document that has survived generations, bearing the name of an ancestor who died long before India became independent.

A merchant’s wartime investment survives across generations

The certificate identifies Seth Jumma Lal Ruthia as the subscriber to the loan through the firm Seth Rama Kishan Jaskaran Ruthia. It bears the signature of W S Davis, who was then the political agent in Bhopal, and records the date of June 4, 1917.

According to the family, the investment carried an annual interest rate of 5.5%. The certificate has remained among the family’s papers for more than a century and now provides the documentary basis for its claim.

Jumma Lal Ruthia died in 1937, a decade before British rule in India ended in 1947. The investment therefore predates independence, the transfer of power and the many political and institutional changes that followed.

War loans were a familiar feature of British India’s wartime finances. The colonial administration invited members of the public, traders and institutions to subscribe money to government-issued debt instruments, with interest offered in return. The funds supported military expenditure, including supplies and troop payments.

For a merchant in Bhopal, subscribing to such an instrument meant placing money in a financial arrangement backed by the authority of the colonial administration. The surviving certificate records that transaction, but it does not, by itself, establish whether the investment remains unpaid today or which present-day institution would be legally responsible for it.

The family has sought repayment of the original ₹35,000 subscription and says it supplied authenticated documents, including the historical certificate, through its legal counsel.

The amount involved in 1917 was substantial enough to remain a matter of interest to the descendants more than a century later. The family estimates that compounding the sum at 5.5% annually over 109 years could produce several crores of rupees. A separate comparison based on the rise in gold prices could put the equivalent above ₹10 crore.

These are the family’s estimates, not an independently established amount owed by the British government. Any actual entitlement would depend on the terms of the instrument, its repayment history, the applicable legal framework and whether a surviving liability can be established.

Britain’s response leaves the family’s central question unanswered

The latest response came from the UK Debt Management Office after an inquiry by Shreyansh Raniwala, legal counsel for the family of Vivek Ruthiya, 63, of Sehore in Madhya Pradesh.

In its October 16 email, the office said it had investigated the matter but could find no evidence that the loan was or is an obligation of the UK government.

The response does not amount to a judicial ruling on the family’s claim. Nor does it establish that the investment was repaid. It indicates that the office has not found evidence supporting the existence of a British government liability in the records it examined.

That distinction is central to the dispute. A certificate can document an original subscription, but proving that a debt remains outstanding after 109 years requires more than establishing that the investment was once made.

Social activist Vinay Ruthiya has questioned why the British authorities have not provided an account of the loan’s repayment or settlement. He said the family had submitted the documents requested by the authorities, including the historical certificate.

“If the loan was repaid, there should be a record showing when and how it was settled. We submitted the documents they asked for, including the historical certificate,” he said. “We want a clear answer on what happened to the money,” he added.

The family is seeking clarification on whether the subscription appears in historical financial records and, if so, how the liability was accounted for. That would help distinguish between a claim that cannot be verified from available records and one that can be traced to a recorded repayment or settlement.

The passage of time complicates the search. The investment was made under a colonial administration that no longer exists in its original form, and the merchant who subscribed to it died in 1937. The family is now attempting to trace the financial history of a transaction through records that may have been created, transferred or maintained by institutions over several generations.

The immediate question is whether further historical records can establish the fate of the subscription. The broader issue is whether the available documentation can identify a legally responsible entity and demonstrate an outstanding obligation.

For now, neither the family’s claim nor the British office’s response provides a complete account of what happened to the money.

The certificate dated June 4, 1917, remains evidence of the investment the family says its ancestor made. But after more than a century, the most important part of the story remains unresolved: whether the loan was ever repaid, and where the record of that repayment, if it exists, can be found.

FAQs

1. Who invested ₹35,000 in the 1917 Indian War Loan?

Seth Jumma Lal Ruthia, a merchant associated with the firm Seth Rama Kishan Jaskaran Ruthia in the princely state of Bhopal, is named on the certificate dated June 4, 1917.

2. What has the UK Debt Management Office said?

The office said on October 16, 2026, that it could find no evidence that the loan was or is an obligation of the British government. It did not state whether the money had been repaid.

3. How much could the original investment be worth today?

The family estimates that compounding ₹35,000 at 5.5% annually for 109 years could produce several crores of rupees. A gold-price comparison could exceed ₹10 crore. These are estimates, not an established debt.

4. Does the old certificate prove that Britain still owes the money?

No. The certificate provides documentary evidence of the original subscription, but it does not independently establish that the loan remains unpaid or that the present-day UK government is legally liable.

5. What is the family asking British authorities to clarify?

The family wants to know whether the subscription appears in historical financial records and, if the loan was repaid, when and how the settlement occurred.

6. Why is the case difficult to resolve after 109 years?

The investment dates to British colonial rule, and the original subscriber died in 1937. Establishing a current liability requires tracing historical financial records, repayment or settlement information, and the legal status of the instrument.

Smart Adhesive Patch Offers Firm Attachment and Gentler Removal to Protect Skin

Removing a medical bandage can cause pain and skin irritation, but for newborns, older adults and critically ill patients, repeated removal of medical adhesives can lead to more serious injuries. Researchers at Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH) have developed a smart adhesive patch designed to remain firmly attached during use while releasing with significantly less force when needed.

The research team was led by Professors Jin-Tae Kim and Seok Kim from POSTECH’s Department of Mechanical Engineering, alongside integrated MS-PhD students Uhyeon Kim and Hyein Jung. Professor Chang-Hee Son of Texas Tech University also contributed to the research, which was conducted in collaboration with Professor John A. Rogers at Northwestern University. The findings were published online in Nature Communications.

The technology addresses a challenge associated with skin-mounted medical devices. Sensors that monitor cardiac activity, respiration and movement need stable contact with the body to collect reliable physiological signals. Conventional adhesives are therefore designed to maximise adhesion, but their strong attachment can make removal difficult and increase the risk of medical adhesive-related skin injury (MARSI).

The new patch uses a shape-memory polymer that changes its surface structure when exposed to mild heat. This allows it to maintain reliable attachment during use and reduce its adhesion when removal is required.

Shape-Memory Technology Enables Controlled Detachment

The researchers designed the adhesive surface with an array of pyramid-shaped structures made from a shape-memory polymer (SMP). These materials can recover a previously programmed shape when exposed to a specific temperature.

In its dormant state, the patch’s pyramidal structures remain flattened. This configuration creates broad contact between the adhesive and the skin, helping the patch maintain a stable attachment during use.

When the patch is gently heated above the polymer’s glass transition temperature, the structures recover their original pyramidal geometry. This transformation reduces the effective contact area between the adhesive and the skin, creating small gaps at the interface and allowing the patch to detach more easily.

Experimental results showed that thermal activation reduced adhesion energy by up to approximately 99%, while the patch maintained stable attachment in its dormant state.

To examine how the adhesive affected the skin during removal, the researchers used three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC), a technique that allows them to visualise deformation beneath a surface. Their measurements showed that the activated adhesive substantially reduced peeling force and suppressed subsurface skin deformation compared with the dormant state.

These results were observed in both a skin phantom and human skin, providing evidence that the technology can reduce mechanical stress at the skin-adhesive interface.

“This work is meaningful because it controls the mechanical forces at the skin-device interface, rather than simply changing the adhesive material itself,” said Professor Jin-Tae Kim. “By combining stable attachment with low-force removal, the platform offers a practical route toward safer skin-interfaced biomedical devices.”

Flexible Design Supports Wearable Medical Monitoring

The researchers also incorporated a kirigami-inspired structure into the adhesive to improve its ability to conform to curved parts of the body. Kirigami-inspired designs use carefully arranged cuts or patterns to improve flexibility and adaptability.

This modification enhanced the patch’s mechanical conformability around areas such as joints and improved moisture transport through the adhesive layer. These properties could help the patch maintain contact across different body surfaces while supporting comfortable wear.

The team also integrated the adhesive with wireless mechano-acoustic sensing devices. The resulting system demonstrated stable biosignal acquisition while attached to the body, followed by controlled detachment after thermal activation.

The combination of reliable sensing and easier removal could be particularly useful in medical settings where monitoring equipment must be attached and removed repeatedly. Potential applications include neonatal intensive care units, geriatric wards and long-term patient monitoring, where fragile skin may be especially vulnerable to repeated adhesive contact.

Professor Seok Kim highlighted the difference between the new approach and conventional medical adhesives.

“What sets this apart from existing medical adhesive technologies is that it actively switches the adhesive properties by utilizing the microstructure of shape-memory polymers, allowing it to adhere firmly during use and be easily removed when needed.”

Professor Chang-Hee Son also pointed to the technology’s potential beyond medical patches.

“Because this approach enables both reliable adhesion and gentle detachment, it can be extended toward a broader class of technologies in which adhesion needs to be actively controlled on demand.”


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Magnitude-7 earthquake jolts Tibet weeks after deadly Nepal-border floods

A powerful magnitude-7.0 earthquake struck northern Tibet on Thursday evening, October 22, raising fresh concerns about seismic activity in a Himalayan region still recovering from devastating flash floods and landslides in August.

According to India’s National Centre for Seismology (NCS), the earthquake occurred at 8.03 pm IST, approximately 489 km north-northwest of Pandin in Arunachal Pradesh, at a reported depth of 173 km. China’s earthquake monitoring agency, however, placed the epicentre in the Nagqu region of northern Tibet at a depth of around 10 km, highlighting differences between preliminary measurements from monitoring agencies.

A second earthquake, measuring magnitude 5.0, struck the region at around 8.42 pm IST, according to the NCS. Another magnitude-5.2 earthquake was also reported in China at around 8.29 pm IST, adding to the sequence of seismic events recorded that evening.

Initial reports did not confirm casualties or property damage from the magnitude-7.0 earthquake. The full extent of its impact remained unclear as information from the affected region continued to emerge.

The earthquake comes weeks after catastrophic flooding and landslides along the Nepal–Tibet border killed hundreds of people and left many others missing. The August disaster destroyed homes, damaged roads and bridges, and disrupted communities across difficult-to-access Himalayan terrain.

Nagqu earthquake raises questions over the scale of seismic activity

The strongest earthquake was reported in the Nagqu region of northern Tibet, hundreds of kilometres from Lhasa, the regional capital.

The reported depth differed substantially between monitoring agencies. India’s NCS placed the earthquake at 173 km, while China’s Earthquake Networks Center reported a depth of approximately 10 km. The United States Geological Survey also reported a magnitude-7.0 earthquake, with its initial estimate placing the epicentre about 191 km east-northeast of Nagqu at a depth of 18 km.

Such differences can occur in preliminary earthquake reports because agencies use different data sources and analysis methods. Magnitude, depth and epicentre estimates may be revised as additional seismic information becomes available.

The sequence of earthquakes prompted attention because of the region’s mountainous geography and the potential vulnerability of remote settlements and infrastructure. However, the earthquake’s actual effects could not be established from its magnitude alone.

The available reports did not establish whether the tremors caused landslides, structural damage or disruptions to transport links. Those details would require confirmation from local authorities and subsequent assessments.

August floods left a trail of destruction along Nepal–Tibet border

The latest earthquake follows a devastating natural disaster in late August, when a collapse involving ice and rock near the Nepal–Tibet border triggered a destructive surge of water, mud and debris.

The resulting floods swept through settlements in Nepal’s Rasuwa district and affected areas on the Tibetan side of the border. Roads and bridges were damaged or destroyed, complicating rescue operations and access to affected communities.

Early reports linked seismic activity to the flooding, but subsequent analysis by the US Geological Survey indicated that the recorded tremor was generated by the ice-and-rock landslide itself rather than by a conventional earthquake that triggered the disaster.

The distinction is important: the August flood disaster and the October earthquake are separate events, and no evidence available in the initial reports established a direct connection between them.

The Himalayan region is exposed to multiple natural hazards, including earthquakes, landslides, glacial lake outburst floods and sudden surges caused by ice or rock collapses. The latest earthquake has renewed attention on the vulnerability of communities and infrastructure in this high-altitude terrain.

For now, the priority is to establish the extent of the earthquake’s impact, verify reports from affected areas and determine whether additional hazards have followed the tremors.

FAQs

1. When did the magnitude-7 earthquake strike Tibet?

The earthquake was reported at 8.03 pm IST on Thursday, October 22, 2026.

2. Where was the earthquake’s epicentre?

China’s earthquake monitoring agency placed it in the Nagqu region of northern Tibet. Other agencies reported slightly different epicentre estimates.

3. Were there casualties or damage?

Initial reports did not confirm casualties or property damage. The full impact remained unclear.

4. Were there additional earthquakes?

Yes. The NCS reported a magnitude-5.0 earthquake in the region at around 8.42 pm IST and a separate magnitude-5.2 earthquake in China at around 8.29 pm IST.

5. Is the earthquake linked to the August floods?

No direct link has been established. The August disaster was associated with an ice-and-rock collapse that triggered destructive flooding along the Nepal–Tibet border.

6. Why do agencies report different earthquake depths?

Seismic agencies use different observations and analysis methods, so preliminary estimates can vary and may be revised as more data becomes available.

Same Amazon job, different rules: Indian techie says US work-life balance vanished after returning to India

An Indian technology professional who returned to India after seven years in the United States has described how the same job at the same company began to feel fundamentally different after his relocation, highlighting concerns about work-life balance, managerial expectations and employees’ control over their personal time.

Keyul Patel, an Amazon techie, shared his experience after spending three months working from India following his move back from the US. According to his account, neither his employer nor his role changed, but workplace practices that he had taken for granted in America appeared to disappear in India.

Among his most striking observations was the difference in how leave and working hours were handled. Patel said leave applications in the US were automatically approved, while even sick leave in India required approval through the system. He also described meetings scheduled around US time zones that regularly extended into the evening for employees based in India.

His account raises a broader question for Indian professionals returning from overseas assignments: does the value attached to an employee’s time, personal boundaries and working conditions remain the same when the employee changes countries but continues in the same role?

Patel’s experience is a personal account rather than a comprehensive assessment of Amazon’s policies across its global workforce. Nevertheless, it highlights the difficulties that can emerge when multinational companies operate across countries with different workplace expectations and managerial practices.

Same employer, but working hours and leave become a concern

Patel identified respect, predictable working hours and better treatment as workplace conditions he had come to regard as normal during his years in the US. He said the distinction was not necessarily about receiving special benefits but about the absence of friction in everyday professional life.

In his account, leave applications were automatically approved in the US, and boundaries between working hours and personal time were generally respected without repeated negotiation.

He described these conditions as ordinary rather than exceptional, arguing that employees often recognise the value of predictable schedules only after losing them.

“None of this felt special while I was there. It felt normal — almost invisible,” Patel wrote, explaining how he had assumed that predictable calendars and professional boundaries were simply part of working life.

The situation changed after he began working from India. Although his job and employer remained the same, he said working hours became less predictable and increasingly influenced by the schedules and preferences of colleagues in more powerful positions.

A key difficulty was the time difference between India and the United States. Meetings arranged around US working hours could take place well into the evening in India, leaving employees to accommodate schedules that did not necessarily reflect their local working day.

Patel said meetings after 6 pm were not always treated as exceptions, creating an expectation that employees would remain flexible beyond conventional working hours.

“Work hours are not defined. They stretch. They bleed,” he wrote, describing how the demands of meetings could extend into personal time.

He also highlighted leave administration as a source of frustration, saying that even sick leave required approval through the system. For him, the issue was not a single dramatic change but the accumulation of small differences that altered the experience of working for the same employer.

The return-to-India dilemma for overseas professionals

Patel’s account adds to a wider debate about what Indian professionals gain and lose when they return after spending years working abroad. Compensation, family ties, long-term residency prospects and career opportunities often shape these decisions, but workplace culture can be equally important.

For employees returning to India while retaining their overseas employer, the transition may appear straightforward. The continuity of the company, job title and responsibilities can create an expectation that professional conditions will remain largely unchanged.

Patel’s experience suggests that geography can influence the practical value of those arrangements. Time-zone differences can shift meetings into evenings, local management practices can affect expectations around availability, and leave procedures can change how employees experience control over their time.

These observations should not be interpreted as proof that every Indian workplace has weaker work-life boundaries or that every US employer offers better conditions. Workplace experiences vary considerably across companies, teams, managers and individual employment arrangements. Patel’s account also does not establish whether the practices he described reflect formal Amazon policy or the arrangements within his particular team.

His broader point, however, concerns the difference between retaining a job and retaining the conditions under which that job was previously performed.

Patel said he was not writing to complain about India or romanticise the US. Instead, he was drawing attention to how the same employee can experience a different level of respect for personal time after moving between countries.

“The respect, the treatment, the regard for your time — it did not travel with person in their suitcase,” he wrote.

For professionals considering a return to India, the account offers a practical lesson: retaining the same employer does not necessarily guarantee the same working environment. Before relocating, employees may need to clarify working-hour expectations, meeting schedules, leave-approval procedures and the extent to which their team can accommodate time-zone differences.

Ultimately, Patel’s experience shifts the discussion about returning to India beyond salary comparisons and career progression. It raises a question about whether the everyday conditions that make professional life manageable can survive a change of geography, even when the job itself remains unchanged.

FAQs

1. Who is Keyul Patel?

Keyul Patel is an Amazon technology professional who shared his experience of returning to India after working in the US for seven years.

2. Did Patel change his company or job after returning to India?

According to his account, he continued working for the same company in the same role and with the same job title.

3. What differences did he notice between working in the US and India?

He highlighted differences in leave approvals, predictable working hours, evening meetings and respect for personal time.

4. Why did meetings become difficult after his return?

Patel said meetings scheduled around US time zones often extended into the evening in India, making it harder to maintain a clear boundary between work and personal life.

5. Does his account prove that Amazon has different leave policies in the US and India?

No. His account describes his individual experience. It does not independently establish company-wide policy differences across Amazon’s US and Indian operations.

6. What should professionals check before returning to India on the same job?

They should clarify local working hours, recurring meeting schedules, leave procedures, expectations for after-hours availability and whether their team supports flexible working arrangements.

Young Manta Rays Stay Close to Shore Before Migrating Into the Open Ocean

Young giant manta rays remain close to coastlines during their early years, using shallow waters as refuges before venturing into the open ocean as adults, according to a new study published in Frontiers in Fish Science. The research provides the first detailed investigation of giant manta ray movements in Central America, revealing a striking difference between the habitats used by juveniles and mature individuals.

Giant manta rays can grow up to nine metres long, with a disc width of seven metres and a weight of up to 2,000 kilograms. Once they reach adulthood at around eight to ten years old, their enormous size leaves them with few natural predators. Their young, known as pups, are more vulnerable to predators in the open ocean, including several shark species and orcas.

Researchers found that juvenile manta rays remain in shallow coastal areas where food is available and reefs provide shelter and essential cleaning services. As the rays mature, their movements change considerably, with adults undertaking long-distance migrations along the continental shelf break across Central America.

“We show that manta rays’ lifestyle isn’t a one-size-fits-all behavior. Giant manta rays in Central America undergo a dramatic shift in space use as they mature,” said lead author Jeffry Madrigal-Mesén, a researcher and project leader of Mantas Costa Rica. “Juveniles remained strictly within shallow nearshore waters that serve as coastal refuges, but most of the tracked adults executed long-distance transboundary migrations along the continental shelf break into Central America.”

Tracking Reveals Different Habitats for Young and Adult Rays

The research team used three complementary methods to track and identify manta rays at five locations between 2018 and 2025.

Acoustic telemetry, which uses underwater sound pulses, enabled researchers to monitor the fine-scale movements of 59 individuals around coastal aggregation sites, including cleaning stations. Satellite telemetry was used to track the broader movements of 12 individuals, while photo identification helped researchers distinguish individual manta rays.

Together, these methods generated a dataset containing more than 12,000 detections, providing insights into how the rays use coastal and offshore habitats.

“If we hadn’t used all three technologies together, we simply wouldn’t have been able to piece this puzzle together,” explained Madrigal-Mesén. “Combining these tools turned fragmented data into a unified, undeniable story.”

The findings showed that young manta rays, with disc widths of approximately three metres or less, remained in shallow coastal refuges. These areas offer access to food, hiding places and reef-based cleaning services while keeping the juveniles away from the hunting grounds of some open-ocean predators.

Madrigal-Mesén said mature rays have advantages that juveniles lack, including their large body size and ability to dive deeply to evade threats. The researchers also observed that young individuals repeatedly returned to the same coastal locations, sometimes being sighted at their original tagging sites more than a year later.

“Mature adults can rely on their massive body size and their ability to dive deep to evade threats. But juveniles don’t have that luxury,” said Madrigal-Mesén. “What is truly amazing is seeing how strictly young manta rays stick to coastal waters as long-term refuges. We see the same individuals more often than once a year. In fact, just recently, they were sighted again at the exact same tagging location,” continued Madrigal-Mesén. “It is always a joy to see them again – they have truly become a part of the family.”

In contrast, nine mature manta rays undertook extensive migrations along the continental shelf break. Their movements indicated that adults also retain strong attachments to particular locations, despite travelling over much larger distances.

One individual, nicknamed Mickey Mouse because of the distinctive spot pattern on his belly, was particularly valuable to the research. His unusual approachability allowed scientists to tag him multiple times over several years, creating a continuous record of his movements.

In 2020, Mickey Mouse registered 462 acoustic detections at El Secreto, a coastal hub. Three years later, he returned to the same shelf area and remained there for 38 days.

“Nearshore cleaning stations transcend basic hygienic function; they act as primary social hubs where courtship and reproductive interactions take place,” explained Madrigal-Mesén. “Returning to a predictable coastal depot allows mature rays to prioritize social and cleaning needs before undertaking large-scale regional migrations.”

Researchers Call for Protected Migration Routes

Although adult manta rays benefit from their size and diving abilities, their long-distance movements expose them to different threats. Coastal habitats are often covered by marine protected areas, but protection may not extend to the international waters and offshore corridors that adults cross during migration.

“As soon as these rays move beyond isolated marine reserves, their legal protection drops to zero. This exposes them to unselective industrial fisheries and vessel strikes as they navigate unprotected international corridors,” said Madrigal-Mesén.

The researchers argue that marine protected areas alone cannot adequately protect a highly mobile species whose habitat requirements change with age and whose migrations cross national boundaries.

They propose establishing multinational conservation swimways that connect coastal refuges used by juveniles with the migratory corridors travelled by adults. Such networks could help provide more continuous protection as manta rays move between national waters and unprotected offshore areas.

The study highlights the importance of understanding how marine species use different habitats throughout their lives. Protecting the shallow coastal environments where young manta rays grow is important, but conservation measures must also account for the extensive movements of adults.

“This study opens a new chapter for manta ray research in Central America,” Madrigal-Mesén concluded. “We hope it sparks fresh enthusiasm and encourages future collaborators to join us in executing the new ideas and research projects we have planned for the conservation of this species.”


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