A chill in the air is forecasted to hit the city of Delhi and the surrounding region next week, with temperatures potentially dropping as low as 3 degrees Celsius. Yesterday, the minimum temperature in Delhi was recorded at 10.2 degrees Celsius.
According to the Indian Meteorological Department, a cold wave is expected to hit several areas in Delhi between January 16th and 18th. The minimum temperature in Ayanagar and Ridge may reach as low as 3 degrees Celsius on Tuesday and Wednesday.
After experiencing several weeks of bitter cold nights, this forecast means that conditions may worsen for residents of Delhi. The weather department has issued a warning for frostbite and advises people to limit their time spent outdoors.
“Eat foods high in Vitamin C and drink warm fluids to maintain a strong immune system. Limit outdoor activities,” the meteorological department advised.
Another weather agency, Skymet, has reported that icy winds from the North have already led to a decrease in temperatures in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. However, the agency refutes the claims of an expert who predicted that temperatures in Delhi could reach as low as -4 degrees Celsius next week.
“Delhi may experience a minimum of 3-4 degrees between 16th and 18th of January, but will not drop below 0 degrees. Some isolated areas may see a minimum of around 2 degrees,” Skymet stated in a tweet.
The extremely low temperatures are expected to have the most severe impact on the homeless population and animals, and authorities have begun preparing additional shelters.
Oxygen is the key substance for life and one of the most abundant elements in the Earth. However, it’s still unknown whether oxygen is present and in which form in the inner core with extreme high pressure and temperature conditions, and almost composed of pure iron. Scientists co-led by Dr. Jin Liu from HPSTAR (the Center for High Pressure Science &Technology Advanced Research) and Dr. Yang Sun from Columbia University reveal that Fe-rich Fe-O alloys are stable at extreme pressures of nearly 300 GPa and high temperatures of more than 3,000 K.
The results published in the journal of The Innovation prove that oxygen can exist in the solid inner core, which provides key constraints for further understanding of the formation process and evolution history of the Earth’s core.
The Earth’s solid inner core, as one of the most mysterious places on the planet, is in the most extreme temperature and pressure environment on Earth, with a pressure of more than 3 million atmospheres and a temperature close to the surface of the Sun, about 6000 K. Because the inner core is far beyond the reach of humans, we can only infer its density and chemical composition from the seismic signals generated by earthquakes.
Iron-rich Fe–O compounds at Earth’s core pressures/CREDIT:Jin Liu
At present, it is believed that light elements exist in the inner core, but the type and content are still debated. Cosmochemical and geochemical evidence suggests that it should contain sulfur, silicon, carbon, and hydrogen. Experiments and calculations also confirmed that these elements mix with pure iron to form various Fe alloys under high temperatures and high-pressure conditions of the deep Earth.
However, oxygen, which is closely related to us, is usually excluded from the inner core. This is mainly because Fe-O alloys with iron-rich compositions have never been found in the surface or mantle environments. The oxygen content in all known iron oxides is greater than or equal to 50 atomic percent. Although people have been trying to synthesize iron oxide compounds with iron-rich compositions, such substances have never been found yet. Is the Earth’s inner core so “anoxic”? To answer this question, a series of experiments and theoretical calculations were carried out in this study.
To be close to the temperature and pressure of Earth’s core, pure iron and iron oxide were placed on the tips of two diamond anvils and heated with a high-energy laser beam. After many attempts, it was found that a chemical reaction between iron and iron oxide occurs above 220-260 GPa and 3000 K. The XRD results reveal that the reaction product is different from the common high-temperature and high-pressure structure of pure iron and iron oxide.
Theoretical crystal structure search using a genetic algorithm proved that the iron-rich Fe-O alloy could exist stably at approximately 200 GPa. Under such conditions, the new Fe-rich Fe-O alloys form a hexagonal close-packed structure, where the oxygen layers are arranged in between Fe layers to stabilize the structure. Such a mechanism produces many close-packed arrangements forming a large family of Fe-rich Fe-O compounds with large configurational entropy.
Based on this theoretical information, an atomic configuration of Fe28O14 was found to match the experimentally measured XRD pattern. Further calculations showed that Fe-rich Fe-O phases are metallic, in contrast with common iron oxides at low pressures. The electronic structure depends on O concentration and the Fe and O layer arrangements. The mechanical properties and thermal properties of the alloy need to be further studied in the future.
